What are bonds?
Forces of attraction that hold atoms together
What is an Ionic bond?
A strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
What is an ion?
An atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge
When are atoms the most stable?
When they have a full outer shell
What are Cations?
A POSITIVLEY charged ion formed by losing electrons
What are Anions?
A NEGATIVLEY charged ion formed by gaining electrons
What is the difference between an atom and an ion?
- Atom = Neutral & no overall charge
- Ions = Either gained or lost electrons causing them to become charged
Why does the loss or gain of electrons take place?
To gain a full outer shell of electrons
How do you know how many outer electrons there are in an element using the periodic table?
Using the group number
What are electrostatic forces?
The force of attraction between oppositely-charged particles, & force of repulsion between particles with the same charge
What are ionic bonds formed between?
A non metal & metal
How many protons, neutrons and electrons will Na+ have?
Protons = 11
Electrons = 10
Neutrons = 12
How many protons, neutrons and electrons will Ca 2+ have?
Protons = 20
Electrons = 18
Neutrons = 20
How many protons, neutrons and electrons will N 3- have?
Protons = 7
Electrons = 10
Neutrons = 7
What are ionic compounds?
A substance made up of ions of different elements
What is a lattice structure?
An arrangement of many particles that are bonded together in a fixed, regular, grid-like pattern
Explain the structure of an ionic compound:
A lattice structure:
- Consisting of a regular arrangement of ions
- Held together by strong electrostatic forces (ionic bonds)
between oppositely-charged ions
Why does some ionic compounds end in -ide?
It contains just two elements
Why does some ionic compounds end in -ate?
It contains three or more elements, one of which is oxygen
What are the physical properties of Ionic compounds?
- HIGH melting & boiling points
- Conduct electricity when they are MOLTEN or DISSOLVED IN WATER
Why do ionic compounds have high melting & boiling points?
- Electrostatic forces of attraction between ions are STRONG
—> Lot of energy needed to overcome these forces (to allow the separation of ions & cause substance to melt)
Why do ions with more than one charge have high melting & boiling points?
e.g. Mg^2+ or O^2-
Highly charged ions will attract other ions more strongly than ions with one charge
—> Therefore, more energy is needed to overcome the electrostatic forces
What are the conditions that must be met for a substance to conduct electricity?
- MUST contain charged particles
- These particles MUST be free to move
Why do ionic compounds DO NOT conduct electricity when they are solid?
The ions are not free to move
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1 - States of Matter32
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2 - Methods of purifying & separating substances59
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3 - Atomic Structure42
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4 - The Periodic Table17
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5 - Ionic Bonding40
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6 - Covalent Bonding13
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7 - Types of Substance57
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8 - Acids & Alkalis44
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9 - Calculations Involving Masses35
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10 - Electrolytic Processes30
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11 - Obtaining and Using Metals1
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12 - Reversible Reactions & Equilibria22
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13 - Transition Metals, Alloys & Corrosion31
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14 - Quantitive Analysis1
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15 - Dynamic Equilibria, Calculations Involving Volume of Gases17
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16 - Chemical Cells & Fuel Cells17
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17 - Groups in the Periodic Table47
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18 - Rates of Reaction9
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19 - Heat Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions26
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20 - Fuels72
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21 - Earth & Atmospheric Science31
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22 - Hydrocarbons36
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23 - Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids44
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24 - Polymers34
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25 - Qualitative Analysis: Tests for Ions40
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26 - Bulk & Surface Properties of Matter (Including Nanoparticles)46
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Naming scientific equipment16
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PAPER 1 LAST MINUTE STUFF56
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PAPER 2 - LAST MIN STUFF34
