innate behavior+examples
behavior that is developmentally fixed: a fixed action pattern, a courtship stimulus-response chain and pheromone signalling
fixed action pattern
a sequence of unlearned acts directly liked to a simple stimulus
sign stimulus
the trigger for a fixed action pattern
agnostic behavior:examples
an often ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to a resource,such as food or mates:kangaroo boxing
territorial behavior
a behavior in which an animal defends a bound physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species
learned behavior
behavior modification based on specific experiences
social behavior/learning
modification of behavior through the observation of other individuals
polygamy
polyandry and polygyny
monogamy+examples
one male and one female:males and females difficult to distinguish:western gulls
polygyny+examples
single male and many females:males are more ornamental:elk
polyandry+examples
single females with many males:females more ornamental: Wilson’s phalaropes
promiscuous
mating with no strong pair bonding
certainty of paternity
whether the young are the father’s. the chances go up with external fertilization and if the male guards the female; the higher the chance, the higher the chance of paternal care
cultural tradition
a system of information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences the behavior of individuals in a population
behavioral traits evolve through natural selection
because it increases finesses
operant conditioning+examples
also called trial and error learning, an animal first learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior:B.F Skinner’s rats who learned to obtain food
imprinting+triggers+example
the formation at a specific stage in life of long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object: unique because of sensitive period in which key characteristics trigger the imprinting response. stimulus in graylag geese is an object moving away from them
altruistic behavior+example
behavior that reduces an animal’s individual fitness but increases the fitness of other individuals in the population: belding’s ground squirrel alarms at the sight of a predator warning others but calling attention to itself
classical conditioning
an arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome
concept formation
learning
crystalized song
when a sparrow matches its song to its remembered one
mating pair bond
bonds between a mated pair
migratory behavior
based on environmental cues
optimal foraging model
natural selection should favor a foraging behavior that minimizes the costs of foraging and maximizes the benefits
