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Question 1

Which of the following actions is the best example of a teacher applying the zone of proximal development theory?

Answer 1

Using the pretest data to develop lessons that account for students’ prior knowledge.

Question 2

A teacher introduces multiplying two-digit numbers by breaking down each step during whole-class instruction. Three students continue to struggle after four days of instruction and practice. The teacher provides three additional days of small-group instruction to the students, who are then able to be successful independently. Which of the following learning theories does this best represent?

Answer 2

Zone of proximal development

The zone of proximal development means that the students receive additional coaching and scaffolding from the teacher to be successful in mastering a task.

Question 3

At the end of a unit of study, students refer back to a KWL chart they started to fill out at the beginning of the unit. By reflecting on what they have learned, students can

Answer 3

determine actual progress to see if they reached their goals

Reflecting on the KWL chart allows students to determine actual progress toward goals.

Question 4

Which of the following assessments can a teacher use to best determine whether a student is reading on grade level?

Answer 4

Achievement test

Achievement tests measure mastery of skills, so a teacher can use the results of the test to determine whether the student is on grade level.

Question 5

A teacher asks her class, “How did people measure length before they had rulers?” Students work in groups to brainstorm ideas, such as using their hands and feet. The teacher’s question best exemplifies which of the following theories?

Answer 5

Constructivism

The teacher uses constructivism to pose a question and help students find their own answers. Students came to the learning situation with already-formulated knowledge on measurement. Their previous knowledge will help them understand the new knowledge they will create.

Question 6

Which of the following examples best represents analytical scoring on an essay?

Answer 6

Assigning a B for content and an A for mechanics

Analytical scoring requires that an essay be evaluated in parts, rather than just as a whole.

Question 7

A third-grade teacher observes that a student has trouble remembering information and following directions that are presented orally. The student also has difficulty focusing in loud environments. Which of the following best describes the probable area of exceptionality this student demonstrates?

Answer 7

Auditory

The student’s difficulty remembering information and trouble following directions reflect an auditory-processing problem.

Question 8

Which of the following findings about bullying is best supported by research?

Answer 8

Boys are more likely than girls to bully others and use physical aggression.

Research about bullying consistently shows that boys are more likely to bully others and to use physical aggression.

Question 9

Students are given assignments on the basis of their ability levels and provided with frequent opportunities for success.

Answer 9

Erikson

Question 10

Students are encouraged to eat if hungry, provided with a safe environment, and made to feel accepted in the classroom.

Answer 10

Maslow

Question 11

Students are given a reward for positive behavior and academic success and a consequence for negative behavior and lack of academic progress.

Answer 11

Watson

Question 12

Students are assessed and encouraged to work at their own pace as they are introduced to new information one step at a time.

Answer 12

Thorndike

Question 13

A science teacher wants to build a garden on school property for students to grow plants and study life cycles. The teacher creates an action plan that includes goals for involving the community. Which of the following describes the best first step for the teacher’s action plan?

Answer 13

Meeting with administrators to talk about the purpose and scope of the project

The administration should be informed before a teacher implements an action plan that includes community involvemen

Question 14

To help with classroom management, a teacher teaches students to associate certain clapping sequences and light signals with desired behaviors. The teacher’s classroom management technique is an application of which of the following learning theories?

Answer 14

Classical conditioning

The teacher introduces a conditioned stimulus (asking the class to quiet down while clapping three times or turning the lights on and off) and over time receives a conditioned response, which is reflected by classical conditioning.

Question 15

John, a second grader, complains to his parents that his teacher kept him in from recess for misbehaving in class. At a parent-teacher conference, the parents say that they think the consequence was too extreme. Which of the following best describes what the teacher should do to address the parent’s concern?

Answer 15

Review with the parents the classroom rules and consequences that are aligned to the school’s standards

The teacher should ensure that parents are aware of the classroom rules and consequences that are aligned to the school’s standards.

Question 16

Students will create an original piece of art using their favorite colors and share it with the class.

Answer 16

Affective Domain, Psychomotor Domain

Question 17

Students will label the states and their capitals on a map of the United States.

Answer 17

Cognitive Domain

Question 18

Students will be able to solve classroom conflicts through discussions and role play.

Answer 18

Affective Domain, Psychomotor Domain

Question 19

Ms. Smith’s students have been studying single-digit subtraction. Before moving on to double-digit subtraction, Ms. Smith develops a quiz to assess how much her students understand about single-digit subtraction. If any of her students do poorly, she will spend another day reteaching and reviewing the concepts. Which of the following types of assessment does Ms. Smith’s quiz best represent?

Answer 19

Formative

Formative assessments are designed to provide feedback during the instructional process to allow the teacher to adjust instruction to address students’ needs. In this scenario, the quiz that Ms. Smith has developed will let her assess her students’ understanding before building on it in the next step.

Question 20

Constructivist teaching is based on the belief that the teacher’s role is to encourage students to

Answer 20

seek answers by making connections to prior knowledge

The basis of constructivist learning is that students build upon prior knowledge to construct new meaning. The constructivist approach encourages students to take ownership the learning process. The roles of the teacher are to facilitate interactive, discovery learning and to avoid direct instruction and passive learning.

Question 21

Which of the following instructional approaches will best allow a teacher to increase student interdependence?

Answer 21

Cooperative learning groups

Cooperative learning groups will help students improve interdependent relationships with their classmates.

Question 22

Which of the following actions complies with the fair use provisions of copyright law?

Answer 22

Permitting several groups of students to watch a portion of a teacher-purchased movie

Teachers are allowed to show a film that has been purchased legally to students.

Question 23

A teacher makes 25 copies of a compilation of songs. Students practice the songs in class and perform them in the auditorium for parents.

Answer 23

Prohibited

Question 24

A teacher makes 25 copies of a short story from a book to be distributed to each student in the class.

Answer 24

Allowed

Question 25

A teacher copies a poem to be displayed in class. Students discuss the poem in small groups.

Answer 25

Allowed

Question 26

Which of the following is an appropriate goal for administering a criterion-referenced test?

Answer 26

Assessing student mastery of specific concepts Criterion-referenced tests are appropriate for assessing student mastery of specific concepts or skills.

Question 27

Mr. Irwin encourages his elementary students to be active participants during his lessons. A few weeks into the new school year, Mr. Irwin notices Aiko, an Asian Pacific student, does not participate in discussions or ask any questions. Which of the following should Mr. Irwin consider first about Aiko?

Answer 27

Aiko may have grown up in a culture that encouraged him to be quiet and obedient without questioning his superiors. Teachers must be aware of a student’s cultural background, since it may greatly affect the way the student learns and participates in school settings.

Question 28

A teacher planning instruction completes the following ordered steps. 1. Identify the lesson’s objective 2. Develop assessment criteria 3. Choose instructional activities By following the steps, the teacher best demonstrates an understanding of

Answer 28

ensuring that concepts students need to learn guide lessons In order to plan for performance, the teacher must be sure of the objective and purpose before planning activities.

Question 29

A teacher implements message journals in the classroom. The teacher sends a journal home with each student on Monday, along with a note regarding accomplishments, concerns, needs, and upcoming school events. Parents return the journals on Thursday with any questions or concerns. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the journals?

Answer 29

Supporting communication between home and school The message journals support the communication between home and school by providing two-way communication.

Question 30

A teacher notices that some students learn best by discussing subject matter content with peers, while others prefer a quiet place to read and practice on their own. In response, the teacher decides to adjust lesson expectations and create space in the classroom to meet the needs of both sets of students. By taking this action, the teacher demonstrates an understanding of the importance of which of the following?

Answer 30

Differentiated instruction The teacher is differentiating instruction by providing students with different avenues to process and acquire subject-area content.

Question 31

The primary purpose of an analytic scoring rubric is to

Answer 31

evaluate specific criteria for an assignment Analytic scoring rubrics are used to evaluate specific criteria the students must incorporate in an assignment.

Question 32

Aria’s class is learning how to write their first and last names in cursive. Despite guidance from her teacher, and many attempts, Aria is unable to form the letters correctly and with the appropriate size and spacing. According to Edward Thorndike, Aria’s inability to write her name in cursive is explained by the law of

Answer 32

readiness Aria is not yet physically able to write cursive, which is a lack of readiness. The law of readiness applies because when a person is mentally and physically ready to perform a certain task, the act of doing the task is satisfying.

Question 33

With respect to phonemic awareness, which of the following could be the greatest area of challenge for an English-language learner?

Answer 33

Sounds that are different in the student’s native language Phonemic awareness is the ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in words. Therefore, it is a challenge for ELL students to distinguish sounds that differ from their native language.

Question 34

A school establishes a mentoring program for incoming teachers. Which of the following is the primary goal of this program?

Answer 34

Providing one-to-one assistance for new teachers Mentorship has one-to-one support as its goal.

Question 35

Makayla, a sixth-grade student, received a grade-equivalent score of 7.2 on a recent standardized reading test. Which of the following interpretations of the data is most accurate to communicate to Makayla’s parents?

Answer 35

Makayla’s overall reading ability is comparable to that of a student who is in the second month of seventh grade. A grade-equivalent score of 7.2 means that the performance is similar to the average score of students in the second month of seventh grade.

Question 36

A teacher evaluates the scores students in a class achieved on a recent standardized assessment. Which of the following best describes the instructional implications of a high standard deviation in the scores?

Answer 36

The teacher must differentiate instruction to meet the wide range of ability levels in the class. Standard deviation is a measure of how spread out, or bunched together, the numbers are in some data set. Because the students' scores are so spread out, the teacher must differentiate instruction to meet their different ability levels and skills.

Question 37

Which of the following questions best promotes the highest level of student thinking skills?

Answer 37

Why do you think the character’s actions were justified? Using “Why do you think...?” requires students to evaluate the character’s actions. Evaluating is on the high end of Bloom’s taxonomy.

Question 38

Which of the following scenarios best describes a teacher’s use of holistic scoring?

Answer 38

A teacher reads a student paper using a rubric that addresses the scoring criteria. The teacher balances the strengths and weaknesses and assigns an overall score. Holistic scoring is used to give students a single, overall score for an assignment as a whole. A scoring rubric is used in holistic scoring to lay out specific criteria. As the teacher reads a student’s paper, he or she balances the strengths and weaknesses among the various criteria to arrive at an overall assessment of success or the effectiveness of a paper.

Question 39

Which of the following should a teacher do to best improve content knowledge in science?

Answer 39

Join the National Science Teachers Association Subject-specific professional organizations provide many opportunities to learn and network.

Question 40

An elementary school teacher has developed a series of centers at which students can practice literacy skills and create learning logs. Which of the following teaching strategies is the teacher most likely utilizing?

Answer 40

Independent study The teacher is using learning centers to provide students with opportunities to independently practice skills.

Question 41

Mr. Larson is teaching his third graders how to “read between the lines.” He will later explain that the skill they are practicing is an example of

Answer 41

inferring Option (B) is correct. Inferring helps students understand when information is implied, or not directly stated, and will improve their skill in drawing conclusions.

Question 42

A teacher sets up an interactive Web site that allows students to post comments about the book that the class is currently reading and to read one another’s posts. The teacher is most likely using technology in this way to

Answer 42

encourage students’ expression of ideas By posting comments on the interactive Web site, students are expressing their ideas about the book and responding to the ideas of their classmates.

Question 43

A score report from a standardized test ranks a seventh-grade student in the 70th percentile. The score indicates that which of the following is true?

Answer 43

The student scored higher than 70% of all students. Percentiles rank an individual’s score among the scores of a specific population. The student was ranked in the 70th percentile, meaning the student scored better than 70% of the students who took the same test.

Question 44

According to the second stage of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, which of the following is true of students who exhibit characteristics of preconventional moral development?

Answer 44

They believe in acting in their own best interests. The main characteristic of Kohlberg's preconventional moral development is that students believe in acting in their own best interests.

Question 45

Which of the following is the primary benefit of using a KWL chart with students during instruction?

Answer 45

Helping students link prior knowledge to the current lesson A KWL chart is a graphic organizer that encourages students to consider what they know about a topic and what they want to learn about the topic before beginning a unit of study, and then record what they learned about the topic after the lesson. By having students share what they already know about a topic before studying it, the teacher is helping students connect prior knowledge with the current lesson.

Question 46

Which of the following strategies best increases motivation and achievement in students?

Answer 46

Providing students with a menu of instructional choices Offering instructional choices increases students’ motivation and achievement.

Question 47

Ms. Erman, a new teacher, has met once a week for 30 minutes with an assigned mentor to discuss curriculum and discipline management during the past month. Ms. Erman is frustrated that the mentor spends the whole time sharing personal issues and disregards Ms. Erman's questions. Which of the following best helps Ms. Erman obtain the needed support to address and resolve the issue?

Answer 47

Meeting with the principal to discuss how to manage the problem The teacher should request a meeting with the principal to discuss how to manage the problem, since the principal most likely assigned the teacher the mentor.

Question 48

A teacher wants to improve the literacy skills and self-motivation of several fifth-grade students who are struggling with reading and writing. Which of the following strategies will most likely accomplish this goal?

Answer 48

Providing students with engaging materials and focused instruction on successfully completing reading and writing tasks Engagement of students and student success lead to improved student motivation.

Question 49

Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of metacognition on the learning of elementary students?

Answer 49

Students benefit from receiving explicit instruction on when to use cognitive strategies. Students in second through sixth grades do not automatically acquire metacognitive knowledge, but they respond to explicit instruction.

Question 50

Which of the following teacher strategies is most effective for motivating elementary students to read recreationally?

Answer 50

Creating a class library that includes a variety of topics and a range of reading levels A well-stocked and well-organized classroom library forms the foundation for reading success.

Question 51

According to social learning theory, students working within the zone of proximal development are most likely to learn because they are

Answer 51

receiving support from a knowledgeable helper In the zone of proximal development, a student is able to use emerging skills with the help of others.

Question 52

Which of the following requires that public schools provide free and appropriate public education (FAPE) to students receiving special education services?

Answer 52

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) IDEA is the primary federal law for students with disabilities, and it mandates that public schools provide the students free and appropriate public education.

Question 53

A multiple-choice test that evaluates basic mathematics skills for the purpose of determining the students need for academic support

Answer 53

Norm-referenced Assessment 1 is norm referenced. A prime example of a norm-referenced test is one that is used to determine a need for academic support. A norm-referenced test helps ascertain whether a student has acquired the skills needed to function successfully at his or her grade level.

Question 54

A mathematics test provided by the district twice each year that determines student mastery of state performance standards

Answer 54

Criterion-referenced Assessment 2 is criterion referenced. Criterion-referenced tests are often used to determine whether a student has obtained the expected knowledge and skills in a certain area and whether there are any gaps in learning.

Question 55

A pretest and posttest that evaluate teaching effectiveness and students’ learning progress in mathematics

Answer 55

Criterion-referenced Assessment 3 is criterion referenced. Criterion-referenced tests are also used to evaluate the effectiveness of a course of study.

Question 56

Which of the following is an open-ended question?

Answer 56

What do you predict would happen to a lion born in the wild with a coat of a much darker color? This is a divergent question that allows the student to consider a scenario and to use knowledge regarding camouflage, coat coloration, and the environment the animal lives in to create an original answer that is logical and correct.

Question 57

Which of the following activities best reflects a family-centered program and a promotion of parent partnerships with the school?

Answer 57

Relating classroom activities to the various needs and interests of children and families By relating classroom activities to the needs and interests of students and families, the school promotes parent partnerships and a family-centered program.

Question 58

A teacher observes that a student is able to do the following: Solve problems with hands-on manipulatives in a logical fashion Understand laws of conservation and is able to classify and seriate Understand reversibility According to Piaget, which of the following stages of cognitive development has the student reached?

Answer 58

Concrete operational Concrete operational is the third stage of cognitive development, which includes being able to solve concrete problems in a logical fashion and to understand the laws of conservation.

Question 59

Which of the following is the best action for a teacher to take to develop self-motivation in a group of students?

Answer 59

Providing students with frequent and specific positive feedback When a teacher frequently encourages students with specific, positive comments, the teacher builds confidence and encourages better classroom performance. When students feel good about themselves, they want to do more and take charge of their own learning.

Question 60

A small group of students in a sixth-grade class is socializing during instructional time. Which of the following teacher responses is most likely to be effective in redirecting the students’ attention to their task?

Answer 60

Moving closer to the students Increasing proximity is effective without disrupting the rest of the class. It also puts the teacher in the position to escalate to the next level, if necessary.

Question 61

A second-grade teacher is planning a unit on insects. Which of the following objectives for the unit best addresses the psychomotor domain?

Answer 61

Students will construct a cocoon using thread and white paste. Students use the psychomotor domain when creating the cocoon because it requires the use of motor skills.

Question 62

Which of the following questions during a reading lesson best fosters metacognition in elementary students?

Answer 62

Which reading strategies did you try using? This question requires the students to use metacognition, in that students must think about their own thinking or use of strategies and also incorporate reflection.

Question 63

After the first week of school, a beginning teacher has concerns about managing behavior in the classroom. Which of the following is the teacher’s best first step to address the concern?

Answer 63

Keep a reflective journal about the types of problematic behaviors that occur Keeping a reflective journal of the types of problematic behaviors would be the teacher’s first step to address concerns about managing behavior in the classroom.

Question 64

Which of the following best describes an example of differentiated instruction?

Answer 64

A teacher maximizes each student’s growth by meeting his or her level of readiness Differentiating instruction ensures that each student’s needs are individually addressed.

Question 65

A teacher administers a summative test following a unit of study. More than 80 percent of the students receive a grade of 50 percent or below. Which of the following is the best next step for the teacher to take?

Answer 65

Reteaching content not mastered and reassessing students with a new tool The best next step is to reteach content not mastered and reassess students, since more than 80 percent of the class failed the assessment.

Question 66

Which of the following best describes the primary role of a mentor working with a new teacher?

Answer 66

The mentor observes the new teacher in the classroom and then meets with the teacher to discuss and reflect on the observations and plan strategies for improvement. Mentors often support new teachers by observing them in the classroom and debriefing and reflecting with them after class. At this time, the mentor will discuss the new teacher's strengths and plan strategies to address areas for improvement.

Question 67

Prior to an activity, a teacher gives students written criteria that explain what they will need to know in order to receive a specific grade. Which of the following assessment tools is the teacher most likely using?

Answer 67

Rubric Rubrics are written criteria that detail expectations of what students will need to know and be able to do in order to receive a given grade. Rubrics help instructors develop clear learning objectives for students and guide students' efforts, if provided before the activity.

Question 68

Which of the following is most likely to encourage parents to help their child continue his or her learning after school hours?

Answer 68

Posting assignments on a Web site so parents can monitor their child’s work The Web site will help parents continue the child’s learning after school hours by allowing them to review the material and concepts with the child at home.

Question 69

A student who has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) needs additional time to complete work and to take tests. Which of the following pieces of legislation is most appropriate for the school to use in implementing a plan to help the student?

Answer 69

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act Students with ADHD are protected under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.

Question 70

A teacher exposes students to a topic several times with increasing complexity throughout the school year. The new learning is put in the context of prior learning. By instructing students in this manner, the teacher best demonstrates an understanding of which of the following?

Answer 70

Spiral curriculum Based on Jerome Bruner's cognitive theory, spiral curriculum exposes students to a topic or theme several times with increasing complexity and in context to the prior experience. This approach is based on the idea that a student's learning ability changes over time and learning should not be in isolation, but rather build on one another.

Question 71

Which of the following strategies is most likely to increase students’ self-motivation during a unit?

Answer 71

Offering students a menu of activities to choose from Offering students a menu of activities to choose from increases self-motivation.

Question 72

Which of the following best describes a characteristic of a summative assessment?

Answer 72

It provides scores that can be used to determine program effectiveness. Summative assessment at the classroom level is an accountability measure that can be used to determine program effectiveness.

Question 73

Two teachers share responsibilities for leadership and instruction in a classroom. The teachers alternate leading instructional activities and supporting students. The classroom described is primarily an example of

Answer 73

team teaching In team teaching, teachers share leadership in the classroom. Both are equally engaged in the instructional activities.

Question 74

Increasing the font size of a student’s reading assignment is best described as

Answer 74

an instructional accommodation An accommodation is an adjustment in teaching strategies, environment, or the assessment to content to allow students to learn a target skill at the same level as other students. By increasing the font size of a reading assignment, the teacher has made an instructional accommodation to make the content more accessible to the student without lowering the learning expectations.

Question 75

A teacher who supports the theory of social learning will most likely plan instruction to include which of the following activities?

Answer 75

Using think-alouds to model how to question text Social learning stresses the concepts of modeling and performing to teach others.

Question 76

Which of the following is the best strategy for a new teacher to use when determining instructional content?

Answer 76

Reviewing the curriculum standards provided by the state and school district A teacher's primary resource for appropriate content is the state-mandated and school district curriculum standards. These knowledge and skills statements provide the baseline for student mastery by subject and skill level for what is taught and learned.

Question 77

Which of the following statements about validity and reliability is most accurate?

Answer 77

Reliability measures the consistency of an assessment, and validity measures the accuracy. Validity relates to accuracy, and reliability relates to consistency.

Question 78

An elementary teacher, Ms. Reed, reads aloud a story to a group of English-language learners. She pauses to indicate a change in events, points to illustrations in the book, and changes the volume and pitch of her voice to emphasize certain aspects of the story. Which of the following strategies is she most likely implementing?

Answer 78

Using verbal and nonverbal clues to help students understand the story The teacher is using verbal and nonverbal clues to help students understand the story.

Question 79

The use of which of the following is most effective for improving the reading fluency of emerging readers?

Answer 79

Timed repeated readings Timed repeated readings address reading fluency in emerging readers.

Question 80

Which of the following actions is the best example of a teacher applying the zone of proximal development theory?

Answer 80

Using pretest data to develop lessons that account for students' prior knowledge The zone of proximal development theory suggests that the teacher should emphasize connections between what the students already know and new knowledge. Since the teacher is accessing the students' prior knowledge, she is then able to build on what they already know.

Question 81

Mr. Herrera is a second-year, first-grade teacher. Ms. Mariner, a tenured first-grade teacher, mentors him. The 25-student classroom is heterogeneously grouped with respect to culture and ability. Prior to the beginning of school, Mr. Herrera sent all of his students a postcard welcoming them to his classroom. He also sends them a “Get to Know You” survey in which the child and parents answer a few questions that can help him understand his new students’ likes and interests. Isaac is a student in Mr. Herrera’s class.

Answer 81

Propose TWO ways in which Mr. Herrera could improve his communication with parents. Explain how EACH proposed strategy could improve his communication with parents. Base your response on principles of fostering positive school parent relationships to support student learning.