Síntomas y condiciones médicas
- el dolor (de cabeza): (head)ache; pain
- La gripe/la gripa: flu
- El resfriado: cold
- La tos: cough
- Congestionado/a: congested; stuffed up
- Embarazada: pregnant
- Grave: grave; serious
- Mareado/a: dizzy; nauseated
- Médico/a: medical
- Saludable: healthy
- Sano/a: healthy
- Tener dolor: to have pain
- Tener fiebre: to have a fever
- La medicina: medicine
- El antibiótico: antibiotic
- La aspirina: aspirin
- La pastilla: pill; Tablet
- La receta: prescription
En el consultorio
- La clínica: clinic
- El/La dentista: dentist
- La farmacia: pharmacy
- La operación: operation/surgery
- El cuerpo: body
- El accidente: accident
- El síntoma: symptom
- Dar con: to bump into; to run into
- Enfermarse: to get sick
- Poner una inyección: To give an injection
- Romperse (la pierna): To break (one’s leg)
- Sufrir una enfermedad: to suffer an illness
- Toser: to cough
- el consultorio: doctor’s office
- el examen médico: physical exam
- el hospital: hospital
- La sala de emergencia(s): emergency room
- El oído: (sense of) hearing; inner ear
- la salud: health
- caerse: to fall (down)
- doler (o:ue): to hurt
- estar enfermo/a: to be sick
- recetar: to prescribe
- sacar(se) un diente: to have a tooth removed
- Torcerse (o:ue) (el tobillo): to sprain (one’s ankle)
Más vocabulario
- El corazón: heart
- El paciente: patient
- La cabeza: head
- El cuello: neck
- El dedo: finger
- El brazo: arm
- la pierna: leg
- cejas: eyebrows
- uñas: nails
- los pies: feet
- la radiografía: x-ray
- el ojo: eye
- la boca: mouth
- la garganta: throat
- la rodilla: knee
- estornudo/a: sneeze(s)
- el tobillo: ankle
- labios: lips
- cadera: hip
- el hueso: bone
- la nariz: nose
- la oreja: ear
- el estomago: stomach
- el dedo del pie: toe
- toma la temperatura: to take the temperature
- pestañas: eyelashes
- manos: hands
- cabello: hair
- canela: cinnamon
- miel: honey
- terco/a: stubborn
Expresiones útiles: Discussing medical conditions
- ¿Cómo te sientes?: How do you feel?
- Me duele un poco la garganta: My throat hurts a little
- No me duele el estómago: My stomach doesn’t hurt
- De niño/a apenas me enfermaba: As a child, I rarely got sick
- ¡Soy alérgico al chile!: I’m allergic to chili powder!
Remedies
- Se dice que el té de jengibre es bueno para el dolor de estómago.: They say ginger tea is good for the stomach.
- Aquí están las pastillas para el resfriado.: Here are the pills for the cold.
- Se debe tomar una casa seis horas.: You should take one every six hours.
Expressions with hacer
•Hace + [period of time] que + [present/preterite]
- ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que tienes estos síntomas?: How long have you had these symptoms?
- Hace dos días que me duele la garganta.: My throat has been hurting for two days.
- ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que lo llamaste?: How long has it been since you called him?
- Hace media hora.: It’s been half an hour.
Regular verbs chart conjugation (imperfect)
AR Yo: -aba Tú: -abas Ella, él, usted: -aba Nosotros/as: -ábamos Ellas, ellos, ustedes: -aban
ER Yo: -ía Tú: -ías Ella, él, usted: -ía Nosotros/as: -íamos Ellas, ellos, ustedes: -ían
IR Yo: -ía Tú: -ías Ella, él, usted: -ía Nosotros/as: -íamos Ellas, ellos, ustedes: -ían
Notice that AR verbs only have a written accent in -ábamos while in ER and IR all the endings carry a written accent. There are no stem changes in the imperfect. All you need to do is drop the last two letters of the verb and add the ending
The imperfect of irregular verbs
IR Yo: iba Tú: ibas Ella, él, usted: iba Nosotros/as: íbamos Ellas, ellos, ustedes: iban
SER Yo: era Tú: eras Ella, él, usted: era Nosotros/as: éramos Ellas, ellos, ustedes: eran
VER Yo: veía Tú: veías Ella, él, usted: veía Nosotros/as: veíamos Ellas, ellos, ustedes: veían
The imperfect of hay
había (there was, there were, there used to be)
Use of the imperfect
As a general rule, the imperfect is used to describe actions which are seen by the speaker as incomplete or “continuing,” while the preterite is used to describe actions which have been completed. The imperfect expresses what was happening at a certain time or how things used to be. The preterite, in contrast, expresses a completed action.
The preterite and the imperfect
These two verbs are not interchangeable. In Spanish, the choice between these two tenses depends on the context and the point of view of the speaker. The preterite and the imperfect often appear in the same sentence. In such cases, the imperfect describes what was happening, while the preterite describes the action that “interrupted” the ongoing activity. You will also see the preterite and the imperfect together in narratives such as fiction, news, and the retelling of events. The imperfect provides background information, such as time, weather, and location, while the preterite indicates the specific events that occurred.
Impersonal constructions with SE
In Spanish, verbs that are not reflexive can be used with SE to form impersonal constructions. These are statements in which the person performing the action is not defined.
SE for unplanned events
In this construction, the person who performs the action is de-emphasized, implying that the accident for unplanned event is not his or her direct responsibility. In this type of construction, what would normally be the direct object of the sentence becomes the subject, and it agrees with the verb, not with the indirect object pronoun. These verbs are the ones most frequently used with SE to describe unplanned events. Caer- to fall; to drop Dañar- to damage; to break down Olvidar- to forget Perder (e to ie)- to lose Quedar- to be left behind Romper- to break While Spanish has a verb to fall (caer), there is no direct translation for to drop. Dejar caer (to let fall) or a SE construction is often used to mean to drop.
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that describe how, when, and where actions take place. They can modify verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs.
Aquí, hoy, nunca, ayer, mal, siempre, bien, muy, temprano
The most common adverbs end in -mente, equivalent to the English ending in -ly.
Verdaderamente- truly, really
Generalmente- generally
Simplemente- simply
To form these adverbs, add -mente to the feminine form, just add -mente to the standard form. Adjectives do not lose their accents when adding -mente. Adverbs that end in -mente generally follow the verb, while adverbs that modify an adjective or another
La technología vocabulario
- La cámara digital/de video: digital/video camera
- El correo de voz: voice mail
- El fax: fax (machine)
- El reproductor de CD: CD player
- La televisíon por cable: cable television
- La conexión inalámbrica: wireless connection
- La dirección electrónica: e-mail address
- internet: internet
- El mensaje de texto: text message
- La página principal: home page
- El programa de computación: software
- Descagar/bajar: to download
- Funcionar: to work
- Guardar: to save
- Navegar (en Internet): to surf (the internet)
- Poner, prender: to turn on
- Descompuesto/a: not working; out of order
- Lleno/a: full
- El televisor/la televisión: tv
- El control remoto: remote control
- El teléfono celular: cell phone
- El teclado: keyboard
- El disco compacto: compact disc
- el canal: tv channel
- el estéreo: stereo
- la pantalla táctil: touch screen
- el video: video
- arroba: @ symbol
- el archivo: file
- el blog: blog
- la red: network; Web
- el sitio web: website
- apagar: to turn off
- borrar: to erase
- escanear: to scan
- grabar: to record
- imprimir: to print
- llamar: to call
- sonar (o:ue): to ring
- lento: slow
- la pantalla: screen
- el monitor: monitor
- el ratón: mouse
- el cederrón: CD ROM
- La computadora portátil: laptop
Chapter 11: Más vocabulario
- La autopista: highway
- la carretera/calle: street
- El garaje/el taller mecánico: mechanic’s garage
- La licencia de conducir: driver’s license
- El/la mecánico/a: mechanic
- La velocidad máxima: speed limit
- Conducir/manejar: to drive
- Estacionar: to park
- El capó/cofre: hood
- Revisa el aceite: check the oil
- Llena el tanque: fill the tank
- El volante: steering wheel
- El navegador GPS: GPS navigator
- El maletero: trunk
- el tráfico: traffic
- parar: to stop
- la policía: police (force)
- arrancar: to start
- arreglar: to fix, to arrange
- bajar(se) de: to get off of/out of a vehicle
- subir(se) a: to get on/into a vehicle
- parabrisas: windshield
- el carro/coche: car
- el radio: radio
- la llanta: tire
- la gasolina: gas
- gasolinera: gas station
Giving instructions to a friend
- ¿Me pasas la llave?: Can you pass me the wrench?
- No lo manejes en carretera: Don’t drive it on the highway
- Revisa el aceite cada 1.500 kilómetros: Check the oil every 1, 500 kilometers
- Asegúrate de llenar el tanque: Make sure to fill up the tank
- No manejes con el cofre abierto: Don’t drive with the hood open
- Recomiéndame con tus amigos: Recommend me to your friends
Taking a phone call
- Aló/Bueno/Diga: Hello
- ¿Quién habla?/¿De parte de quién?: Who is speaking/calling?
- Con él/ella habla: Speaking
- ¿Puedo dejar un recado?: May I leave a message?
Reassuring someone
- Tranquilo/a, cariño: Relax, sweetie
- Nos ayudamos los unos a los otros: We help each other out
- No te preocupes: Don’t worry
- Entregar: to hand in
- El intento: attempt
- La noticia: news
- El proyecto: project
- Recuperar: to recover
Irregular affirmative tú commands
Decir- di Hacer- haz Ir- ve Poner- pon salir- sale ser- se tener- ten venir- ven
Negative tú commands
Infinitive Hablar Guardar Prender volver (o-u) pedir (e-i)
Present tense of yo form hablo guardo prendo vuelvo pido
Negative tú command no hables (tú) no guardes (tú) no prendas (tú) no vuelvas (tú) no pidas (tú)
Verbs with irregular yo forms maintain the same irregularity in their negative tú commands. These verbs include conducir, conocer (conozcas), decir (digas), hacer (hagas), ofrecer (ofrezcas), oír (oigas), poner (pongas), salir (salgas), tener (tengas), traducir (traduzcas), traer (traigas), venir (vengas), and ver (veas). Stem-changing verbs keep their stem changes in negative tú commands. Verbs ending in -car, -gar and -zar have a spelling change in the negative tú commands.
Sacar- c to qu; no saques
Apagar- g -gu; no apagues
Almorzar (o - ue)- z to c; no almuerces
Irregular negative tú commands
Dar- No des Estar- No estés Ser- No seas ir- No vayas saber- No sepas
Por and para
Movement
Por- through or by a place
La excursión nos llevó por el centro. - The tour took us through downtown.
Para- Towards a destination
Mis amigos van para el estudio. - My friends are going to the stadium.
Time
Por- Duration of an event
Ana navegó la red por dos horas. - Ana surfed the net for two hours.
Para- Action deadline
Tengo que escribir un ensayo para mañana. - I have to write an essay by tomorrow.
Action
Por- Reason or motive for an action/circumstance
Llegúe a casa tarde por el tráfico. - I got home late because of the traffic.
Para- Indication of for whom something is done
Estoy preparando una sorpresa para ti. - I’m preparing a surprise for you.
In many cases, it is grammatically correct to use either por or paraa in a sentence. The meaning of a sentence is different, however, depending on which preposition is used.
Reciprocal Reflexives
Reciprocal reflexives express a shared or reciprocal action between two or more people or things. In this context, the pronoun means (to) each other or (to) one another.
Luis y Marta se miran en el espejo. (Luis and Marta look at themselves in the mirror.)
Luis y Marta se miran. (Luis and Marta look at each other.)
Only the plural forms of the reflexive pronouns (nos, se) are used to express reciprocal actions because the action must involve more than one person or thing.
Cuando nos vimos en la calle, nos abrazamos. - When we saw each other on the street, we hugged (one another).
Nos ayudamos cuando usamos la computadora. - We help each other when we use the computer.
Ustedes se van a encontrar en el cibercafé, ¿No? - You are meeting (each other) at the cybercafé, right?
Yo me Tú te Él/ella/usted se Nosotros/as nos Ellos/ellas/ustedes se
