Communication- sending and receiving information; requires active participation in sender and receiver. - There are several ways by which we communicate (nonverbal, verbal, graphic)

6/1- Language Development Flashcards by Kathryn Kudlaty

Communication (def)?

Communication- sending and receiving information; requires active participation in sender and receiver.

There are several ways by which we communicate (nonverbal, verbal, graphic)

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Language (def)?

Language- arbitrary symbol system used to communicate thoughts and ideas

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Examples of nonverbal communication?

Social smile
Eye gaze of infant
Gesture
Facial expressions
Sign language (used by hearing impaired)

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Components of verbal/oral/speech?

Articulation
Voice
Fluency
Language

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What is articulation?

Production of speech sounds; interaction/motor movements of lips, tongue, hard and soft palate, teeth

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What is voice?

Production of voice quality, pitch, volume, resonance

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What is fluency?

Flow or smoothness of speech production

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What is language?

Two divisions?

Rule-governed, generative

Two divisions/components:

Receptive: input/understanding
Expressive: output/speaking

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Need to consider what within each component of language?

Content (semantics):

Word meaning
Vocab (dual definitions, variations, metaphorical meanings, and shades of meaning) Forms
Syntactic (grammar of language; word arrgmt/order- makes a HUGE difference in meaning!)
Morphologic (structure of word forms; rules that govern changes in word meaning- book vs. books)

Use/pragmatics

ex) knowing how inflection/tone of voice indicates emotion
ex) alternating turns in conversation
ex) differentiating manner of talking/behaving with diff people
ex) making eye contact

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Examples of graphic/written language?

Drawing
Reading
Writing (written language disorders are cognitive disorders; continuum of language, but also developmental)

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Development of speech and language requires interaction between what?

Doesn’t require anything sophisticated or special!

Normal language development is interaction between intact mechanism (innate things) and favorable environment (partially learned); reciprocity

Intact mechanism

Hearing sensitivity
Motor skills
Structural integrity
Perception
Intelligence
Memory
Attention
Emotional status
Ability to relate/interact
General health

Favorable environment

Stimulation/exposure
Reinforcement
Realistic expectations

Disruption in any one area can impede normal speech/language development

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Disordered mechanisms in language?

Hearing sensitivity:
Motor skills:
Structural integrity:
Perception:
Intelligence:
Memory:
Attention:
Emotional status:
Ability to relate or interact:
General health:

- Hearing sensitivity: deafness, conductive hearing loss, otitis media

- Motor skills: needed to manipulate articulators, combine and sequence motor mvts

- Structural integrity: cleft palate, vocal fold abnormality; sucking, feeding, swallowing

- Perception: problems interpreting meaning of sounds (auditory or perceptual disorder)

- Intelligence: cognitive limitations interfere with learning and understanding concepts represented by words

- Memory: inability to learn sounds, sequences of sounds, vocab, grammar, syntax

- Attention: attention deficits interfere with following directions, receptive and expressive vocab development, general info

- Emotional status: anxiety, depression interfere with ability to receive, process information

- Ability to relate or interact: autistic spectrum

- General health: chronic illness interferes with response to stimulation

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Sources of disordered environment (broad)?

Stimulation/exposure
Reinforcement
Realistic expectations

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Examples of disordered environments in terms of stimulation/exposure?

Does not depend on SES!!

Failure to speak with, read to children
Failure to expose to rich language and learning experiences (e.g. grocery store, gas station)
Excessive, inappropriate stimulation (e.g. electronics) has become societal problem
Effect of parents with language disorders
Bilingual environments is NOT a disadvantage, with certain exceptions (if struggling to learn 1, best to wait for 2nd)

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Examples of disordered environments in terms of reinforcement?

Failure to reinforce sounds made in infancy
Cooing and babbling
Expanding language produced by child

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Examples of disordered environments in terms of realistic expectations?

Should reflect mechanism and age
Inappropriate expectations can result in stuttering, anxiety selective mutism

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Speech and language milestones: articulation?

Articulation = production of speech sounds (see appendix for development of specific phenomes)

2-3 yo: speech understandable to parents
3-4 yo speech: understandable to strangers Common articulation problems reduce intelligibility:
Consonant substitutions
Consonant omissions
Reduction of consonant clusters: producing only one consonant
Sound to mark a cluster
Distortion of sounds: lisp

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Speech and language milestones: fluency?

Children 3-5 go through period of “normal dysfluency” when language is rapidly developing and expanding

Characterized by tension-free, whole word repetitions (“I see- I see- I see a bird”)

Stuttering- repetitions of prolongations that are struggled or tense (“Wh-wh-wh-who is it?”, “Shhhhe’s here”), blocks, pitch increases

Associated behaviors: eye blinking, head or body movement, avoidance

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Speech and language milestones: language?

(See appendices for major milestones)

SEE SYLLABUS FOR MILESTONES birth - 5 yo

Language development begins with differentiation of crying; continues throughout life
Language (receptive and expressive) develops concurrently in several areas including semantic, syntactic, morphologic, pragmatic
By 5-6 yrs, conversation may be adult-like, but subtle development continues, and reciprocity between oral and written language development (reading and writing) also occurs

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Why do delays in language development have serious long-term consequences?

What are some of the possible resultant disorders?

Because language:

contributes to abstract thinking
allows a child to imagine, manipulate, create and share new ideas
becomes a mental tool to create strategies for mastery of memory, feelings, problem solving

Children with significant speech/language disorders

may have mental health issues
are at high risk for learning disabilities and written language disorders

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Etiology of communication disorders (broad)?

Articulation
Voice
Fluency
Language

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Etiology of communication disorders: articulation?

Neuromotor impairment (dysarthria)
Difficulty with motor programming and sequencing of movements (apraxia)
Phenological deficits (rule-based)
Functional/developmental: hearing, impairment, cognitive limitations, structural abnormalities, environmental influences, deprivation, habituation

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Etiology of communication disorders: voice?

Polyps or nodules on vocal folds may be caused by vocal abuse (e.g. yelling, habitual throat-clearing)
Structural anomalies (e.g. velopharyngeal insufficiency, cleft palate, large adenoids)
Impairment of vocal folds
Gastro-esophageal reflux
Respiratory difficulties can affect loudness, pitch, quality

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Etiology of communication disorders: fluency?

Familial incidence
Capacities and demands model: motor, language skills, cognitive development, emotional maturity not equal to demands of environment

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Etiology of communication disorders: **language**?

- Discrepancy between verbal/nonverbal ability - Strong family incidence - Mental retardation - Learning disability - Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Degenerative disorders - Autism/pervasive development delay (PDD) - Hearing loss - Traumatic brain injury - Abuse/neglect - Otitis media

T/F: Speech/language development may be slow because child is lazy or siblings talk for them

False

T/F: Children can outgrow speech/language deficits

False

T/F: Early recognition and therapy are detrimental because they make children self-conscious

False

T/F: Being raise in a bilingual environment does not have adverse long-term consequences on language development

True

T/F: Seemingly remarkable early language development is a sure sign of superior intelligence and academic success

False

Speech and language developmental milestones from **0-3 months**?

- Coos - Social smile

Speech and language developmental milestones from **4-6 months**?

- Orients and responds to voice

Speech and language developmental milestones from **7-12 months**?

- May recognize words for common names in environment and own name - Uses gesture (waving, holding arms out to be picked up) to communicate - Imitates different speech sounds

Speech and language developmental milestones from **10-12 months**?

- May say "mama" or "dada" and a few other words

Speech and language developmental milestones at **age 2**?

- 200 words

Speech and language developmental milestones at **age 3**?

- 1000 words

Speech and language developmental milestones from **2-3 yo**?

- Understandable to parents most of the time - Follows 2 requests - Asks why

Speech and language developmental milestones from **3-4 yo**?

- Understandable to strangers most of the time - Understands words for some colors, shapes - Answers simple questions - Can rhyme, use pronouns, plurals, 4+ word sentences

What age for coos?

Birth - 3 mo

What age for 200 words?

2 years

What age for using gesture to communicate?

7-12 mo

What age for social smile?

birth - 3 mo

What age for understandable to parents most of the time?

2-3 yrs

What age for orienting and responding to voice?

4-6 mo

What age for understandable to strangers most of the time?

3-4 yo

What age for babbling with consonant sounds?

7-12 mo

What age for recognizing words for common names in environment and own names?

7-12 mo

What age to say "mama" or "dada" and a few other words?

10-12 mo

What age for imitating different speech sounds?

7-12 mo

What age for 1000 words?

age 3

Speech and language developmental milestones at **4-5 yrs**?

- Understands most of what is said at home - Names letters and numbers - Tells a short story - Talks in different ways depending on listener

Speech and language developmental milestones at **5-6 years**?

May be adult-like, but subtle development continues and reciprocity between oral and written development (reading and writing) also occurs

What age to follow two requests?

2-3 yrs

What age to rhyme, use pronouns, plurals, 4+ word sentences?

3-4 yrs

What age to answer simple questions?

3-4 yrs

What age to ask why?

2-3 yrs

What age to understand most of what is said at home?

4-5 yrs

What age to have adult-like conversation?

5-6 yrs

What age to name letters and numbers, tell short story, talk in different ways based on listener?

4-5 yrs

Question: A 5 yo who says, "Her want to come" A. Has a speech disorder B. Has a language disorder C. Has a speech and language disorder D. Has none of the above

Answer: A 5 yo who says, "Her want to come" A. Has a speech disorder **B. Has a language disorder** C. Has a speech and language disorder D. Has none of the above

Question: A 2 yo who has recurrent ear infections: A. Is at high risk for having a speech disorder B. Is at high risk for having a language disorder C. Is at high risk for both speech and language disorders D. Is not at high risk for having either speech and/or language disorder

Answer: A 2 yo who has recurrent ear infections: A. Is at high risk for having a speech disorder B. Is at high risk for having a language disorder **C. Is at high risk for both speech and language disorders** D. Is not at high risk for having either speech and/or language disorder

6/1- Language Development Flashcards

(61 cards)