6 - LTM structure

Question 1

is LTM dynamic like WM?

Answer 1

yes, LTM is active in a lot of out cognitive processes like hearing interpretation and such

Question 2

what is a serial position curve

Answer 2

cried by presenting a list of words to a participant and measuring their ability remember them

• forms a distinct U shape
• primacy effect - highest ability to rehears early words and store them in LTM
• as more words are presented, gotta rehearse those too so more storage is taken up
• recency effect - most recent items are remembered best
• still in the WM!

Question 3

explain Rundus’ findings on the primacy effect and rehearsal

Answer 3

did two tasks - normal and one where they had to repeat the words outlaid

• serial positon curve for the second task just decreases from the first, no upshot
• indicates that higher rehearsal increases recall

Question 4

explain Glanzer and Cunitz findings on the recency effect

Answer 4

serial position normal way plus one where they had them count back from 30 after theyd been shown the lost
- eliminated the recency effect - words were out of WM

Question 5

what is coding

Answer 5

the form in which stimuli are represented

Question 6

what are the two approaches to coding

Answer 6

1. physiological approach ; represented by neurones

2. mental approach - represented by the mind

Question 7

explain the sickens experiment on proactive interference

Answer 7

presented words related to fruits or occupations

• listen to three words, then count back from 15, then recall
• did this for four trials with different words each time
• trying to create proactive interference; decrease in memory that occurs when previously learning information interferes with learning new information
• more times they are exposed to lists within a category, the worse performance is
• if they switch categories , called the release from proactive interference

Question 8

what does the release from proactive interference tell us about coding in WM?

Answer 8

depends n the categories - semantic content tf semantic coding

Question 9

explain Sachs’ study on the form of coding in LTM . remote recognition memory

Answer 9

listen to a tape recoding, then measure recognition memory

• meaning or the actual words?
• lots of ppl got the task right, but often messed up the words and got the meaning right

Question 10

how does coding for LTM and STM differ

Answer 10

STM tasks are often encoded auditory

- but LTM is often semantic

Question 11

explain the case of H.M and his hippocampal ablation

Answer 11

eliminated the ability to form new LTM

• STM remained n tact
• also opposite people
• establishes a double dissociation between STM and LTM

Question 12

explain Ranganath and D’Esposito’s brain imaging studies for hippocampus activity in STM and LTM

Answer 12

asked whether the hippocampus might also influencehlding information for short periods of time

• show a face, then a delay, then either the same or a different one
• novel faces haven’t been shown before in the study
• activity in hippo goes up as participants hold novel faces in memory during the delay
• changes only slightly when its a familiar face
• hippo is involved in maintaining novel information in memory

Question 13

what is the difference in experience between episodic and semantic memories

Answer 13

Tulving - mental time travel, episodic memories feel like ‘going back’
- semantic memory doesn’t feel this way

Question 14

what is the neurophysical evidence for the dissociation f semantic and episodic memory

Answer 14

case studies
1. KC - damage to hippo and adjacent areas
- cannot relive memories of his past
- can remember semantic facts
2. LP: couldn’t remember semantic information but could recall episodic content
- double diss!
but hard to conclude for sure, brain damage is never that specific

Question 15

explain Levine’s studies on semantic and episode memory w brain imaging

Answer 15

• told ppl to keep diaries for personal events
• and also facts drawn from semantic knowledge
• recorded their brains as they listened to their recordings
• different brain regions for semantic vs episodic memory
• there is overlap, but also lots of not overlap lol

Question 16

what are the two provided examples of the interactions btwn episodic and semantic memories

Answer 16

1. knowledge’s affects on experience
   - looking to the second base bc you know how baseball works
2. the composition of autobiographical memory

Question 17

is autobiographical memory episodic or semantic?

Answer 17

BOTH
- personal semantic memories (I did x when I was y years old or sumn)
-

Question 18

explain Wesmacott and Moscovitch;s study on episodic and semantic memory for famous people

Answer 18

knowledge about these figures can include both components

• semantic memories involving personal episodes are autobiographically significant semantic memories
• recall was better for public figures who had higher autobiographical sign.
• experiences related to episodic memories can aid in accessing semantic ones
• ran the exp again on brain damaged ppl w no episodic memories
• no effects

Question 19

is forgetting all or nothing

Answer 19

no, different degrees of it

Question 20

what are two different degrees of remembering and what are they each associated with (episodic vs semantic)

Answer 20

1. familliarity - I know this person but dont know why or any details
   - associated with semantic memory - no context of episodic memory
2. recollection - remember the specific information/details about the person
   - related to episodic memory

Question 21

what is the remember.know procedure

Answer 21

presented with a stimulus encountered before
- asked if they remember if the stimulus is familiar and the conditions under which it was learned
- vs if they know know if it is familiar but dont remember how
- vs if they dont know shit about it
distinguishes between familiar and unfamiliar // episodic vs semantic

Question 22

what is the semanticization of remote memories?

Answer 22

older memories tend to lose their episodic character

-demonstrated in both short periods and long ones (1 week to 50 years)

Question 23

explain the link between memory and the ability tho think about your future

Answer 23

related to our ability to visualize or create possible scenarios about the future
- found attenuated in patients who’ve lost episodic memory

Question 24

explain Addis; study on the interaction between memory and creating scenarios about the future
what did this lead Addis and Schacter to propose?

Answer 24

used the same regions in the brain
- led them to propose the constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis - episodicx memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of the future

Question 25

explain McDermott's findings on the interaction between memory and creating scenarios about the future in terms of perspective

Answer 25

asked participants to remember an event from the past or imagine a similar event in the future - then notice whether it was from 1st or 3rd person - both were most likely viewed from 3rd perspective but less so when remembering the past rather than imagining the future -

Question 26

why is it useful to be able to imagine the future?

Answer 26

when the future arrives, we gotta know how to respond fast | - led addis and them to propose that episodic memories function to predict / imagine the future

Question 27

how does mind wandering relate to episodic memory and future prediction (2)

Answer 27

1. Baird 2011 - mostly thinking about the future during mind wandering led ppl to suggest that this is its main role - to plan for the future 2. DMN damage can reduce capacity to retrieve autobiographical memory which itself is associated with creating possible futures

Question 28

what are the three types of implicit memories

Answer 28

1. procedural memory 2. priming 3. conditioning

Question 29

explain the implicit nature of procedural memory (2 findings)

Answer 29

1. damage to the hippocampus of those skilled in a task does not undermine their capacity to perform the task 2. amnesiacs can improve in tasks even if they dont remember practicing (mirror drawing)

Question 30

what is expert induced amnesia

Answer 30

experts cannot always recall their performance as it happens so automatically - output of practice is automatic

Question 31

explain the connection between procedural and semantic memory

Answer 31

LSJ - had lost episodic and semantic memory - couldn't recognize paintings even though she was an artist - but could still answer questions related to procedural memory - memory systems are discrete but always interacting

Question 32

what is repetition priming

Answer 32

test stimulus is the same as or resembles the priming stimulus - facilitates response times - implicit bc ppl dont need to remember seeing the stimulus the first time

Question 33

how do we ensure that repetition priming is implicit/

Answer 33

1. test patients with amnesia 2. present it inn a task that doesn't seem to be about memory use testing procedures that dont refer to memory 3. introduce speed of response - can't think consciously if its super fast

Question 34

what is the propaganda effect and how does it relate to repetition priming

Answer 34

- more likely to rate facts as being true if we have seen them before - we have been primed to respond this way ! - can occur even if they are told the information is false or when they have been told where they experienced them the first time

Question 35

what is classical conditioning

Answer 35

the paring of a neutral stimulus with a conditioning stimulus that elicits a response, such that the first stimulus takes one the response of the latter