6.13 Cell Adaptations

Question 1

Define Cellular Adaptation

Answer 1

Prolonged exposure of cells to adverse or exaggerated normal stimuli, which evokes various changes at the level of individual cells, tissues or whole organs. Once the cause is removed, most cells that have adapted to chronic stimulation revert to normalcy once again.

Question 2

What is Atrophy?

Answer 2

Decrease in the size of tissue organ or the entire body.

Question 3

What is a physiologic example of atrophy?

Answer 3

Thymus undergoing involution. Ovaries, uterus, and breasts after menopause. The atrophic bones and muscles in the elderly become thin and prone to fracture.

Question 4

What is a pathologic example of atrophy?

Answer 4

• Best example Alzheimer’s, frontal brain shrinks.

- Ischemic organs are typically small, such as kidneys involved with atherosclerosis, testicular atrophy.

Question 5

What is Hypertrophy?

Answer 5

An increase in the size of tissues or organs due to enlargement of individual cells.

Question 6

What is Hyperplasia?

Answer 6

An adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs.

Question 7

Examples of Hyperplasia

Answer 7

• Endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogens.

- Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

Question 8

What is Metaplasia?

Answer 8

An adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment

Question 9

What is Dysplasia?

Answer 9

• Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection.
• Precancerous

Question 10

Best Example of Dysplasia

Answer 10

The best example is detection of cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN) based on PAP smears.

Question 11

What is Anaplasia?

Answer 11

• Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells.

- Hallmark of malignant transformations.

Question 12

What are other names for Anaplasia?

Answer 12

• Malignancy
• Carcinoma
• Cancer
• Neoplasm

Question 13

What is an example of Physiologic Hypertrophy?

Answer 13

Enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders due to weights

Question 14

What is an example of Pathologic hypertrophy?

Answer 14

Hypertrophy of the heart that occurs as an adaptation to increased workload. Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricular muscle is typically seen in hypertension.

Question 15

What is an example of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Answer 15

• May occur together under a variety of conditions:
• Physiologic hypertrophy of the uterine smooth muscle cells during pregnancy is also accompanied by hyperplasia.
• Hyperplastic prostate, BPH increase both the size and number of glands and stroma.

Question 16

What are examples of metaplasia?

Answer 16

• Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking.
• Gastric or glandular metaplasia or GE junction in Barrett Esophagus.

Question 17

What is Dysplastic vs anaplastic tissue?

Answer 17

Dysplastic-precancerous

Anaplastic- Cancer

Question 18

What are the microscopic hallmarks of anaplasia

Answer 18

1) The cells and the nuclei display marked cellular pleomorphism.
2) The nuclei are irregular and hyper chromatic.
3) high N/C ratio
4) arge nucleoli present in nucleus.
5) Large number of abnormal mitotic figures

Question 19

What is reversible cell damage?

Answer 19

• Short lived or mild
• Cellular swelling or hydropic degeneration.
• No damage to nucleous

Question 20

What is the best example of reversible cell damage?

Answer 20

Hypoxia causes dysfunction of the ATP driven Na/K pumps altering the permeability. once ATP function is restored the Na+ and the water are pimped out of the cell.

Question 21

What is irreversible cell damage?

Answer 21

• If acute stress to which a cell must react exceed its ability to adapt the resulting changes in structure and function lead to the death of a cell.
• Changes in the nucleus or by rupture of the cell membrane, or loss of cell integrity.

Question 22

What is pyknosis?

Answer 22

condensation of the chromatin

Question 23

What is Karyorrhexis?

Answer 23

Fragmentation of the nucleus into small particles (nuclear dust)

Question 24

What is Karyolysis?

Answer 24

Involves dissolution of the nucleus and lysis of chromatin by enzymes.

Question 25

What is intracellular accumulation of Coal particles?

Answer 25

- Anthracosis is the accumulation of coal particles either released in the air from pollution or from individuals working in coal mines. - Refers to the storage of this indigestible material in the alveolar histiocytes of the lungs and regional hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. - Can be seen in many city-dwellers. - Can cause disease when there is an overabundance of inhaled coal dust causing black pulmonary lesions.

Question 26

What is the intracellular accumulation of Fat?

Answer 26

-Fat is normally stored in liver cells in the form of triglycerides, and excess fat accumulation is a typical finding in chronic alcoholics.

Question 27

How does alcohol affect intracellular accumulation of Fat?

Answer 27

- Alcohol high in calories thus making more fat. - Alcohol can inhibit several degradation enzymes an the utilization of fat. - Alcohol inhibits both protein synthesis and export of fat from the liver in the form of lipoproteins.

Question 28

What is the intracellular accumulation of Hemosiderin?

Answer 28

Hemosiderosis is an accumulation of the blood derived brown pigment hemosiderin, an iron storage protein normally found in the spleen, BM, and Kuffer cells of the liver. -Excess iron is stored intracellular as both ferritin and hemosiderin in other organs, such as the skin, pancreas, heart, and kidneys and can cause damage.

Question 29

How do you show iron in hemosiderosis?

Answer 29

By using Prussian blue stain

Question 30

What is intracellular accumulation of Lipofusicin?

Answer 30

- Known as the "wear and tear" pigment, and is composed of a golden-bronw granules found in neurons, myocardial cells and hepatocytes. - Is a normal constituent of many cells, increases with age and is derived from the normal turnover of membrane constituents. - Does not interfere with cell function

Question 31

What is inherited lysosomal Storage Diseases?

Answer 31

The breakdown of certain complex lipids, mucopolysaccharides and glycogens are accomplished by a sequence of enzymatic steps. -Since these enzymes are located in the lysosomes of the cell, their absence results in this lysosomal storage disease.

Question 32

What are examples of Lysosomal Storage Diseases?

Answer 32

Tay-Sachs, Gauchers, Hurlers, Von Gierkes, Pompes, and Nieman-Picks Diseases.