What is variation?
Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a populations is called variations.
What are the two causes of variation within a species?
- Genetics
- Environments
- A mixture of both
What is genetic variation?
Variations in the genotypes of organisms of the same species due to the presence of different alleles.
Creates differences in phenotypes
What creates genetic variation in a species?
- Spontaneous Mutations
- Sexual reproduction
What is a mutation?
A random change to the base sequence in DNA which results in genetic variants.
They occur continuously.
State the three types of gene mutation
- Insertion
- Deletion
- Substitution
How may a gene mutation affect an organism’s phenotype? (3)
- Neutral Mutation does not change the sequence of amino acids. Protein structure and function same .No effect on phenotype
- Mutation may cause a minor change in an organism’s phenotype e.g. change in eye colour.
- Mutation may completely change the sequence of amino acids. This may result in a non-fictional protein. Severe changes to phenotype.
What is the consequence of a new phenotype caused by a mutation being suited to an environmental change?
There will a rapid change in the species.
What is evolution?
- A gradual change in the inherited traits within a population overtime.
- Occurs due to natural selection which may result in the formation of a new species.
Outline the theory of natural selection.
All species of living things have evolved from simple life forms that first developed more than 3 billion years ago.
- Genetic Variation exists due to spontaneous mutations.
- Selection pressures (e.g. competition, disease) exist
- Random mutation gives an organism a selective advantage.
- Organism is better adapted to the environment and survives.
- Organism reproduces, passing on its beneficial alleles.
- Frequency of advantageous alleles increase
How do two populations become different species?
When their phenotypes become different to the extent that they no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
What is selective breeding?
The process by which humans artificially select organisms with desirable characteristics and breed them to produce offspring with similar phenotypes.
Outline the main steps involve in selective breeding.
- Identify a desired characteristic e.g. disease resistance.
- Select parent organisms that show the desired traits and breed them together.
- Select offspring with the desired traits and breed them together.
- Process repeated until all offspring until all offspring have the desired traits
Examples of characteristics selected for in selective breeding
- Disease resistance in crops
- Higher milk or meat production in animals
-Gentle nature in domestic dogs
-Large flowers
What is the main advantage of selective breeding?
Creates organisms with desirable features:
- Crops produce a higher yield of grain
- Cows produce a greater supply of milk
- Plants produce larger fruit
- Domesticated animals
Other than in agriculture, where else is selective breeding useful?
- In medical research
- In sports e.g. horse racing
Outline the disadvantage of selective breeding (4)
- Reduction in the gene pool (which becomes especially harmful if sudden environment change occurs).
- Inbreeding results in genetic disorders
- Development of other physical problems e.g. respiratory problems in bulldogs.
- Potential to unknowingly select harmful recessive alleles
What is genetic engineering?
- The modification of the genome of an organism by the insertion of a desired gene from one organism - genes from chromosomes of human and other organisms can be ‘cut out’ and transferred to cells of other organisms.
- Enables the formation of an organism with beneficial characteristics
Give an example of uses for genetically modified plants
- Disease resistance
- Produce larger fruits
What is a use for genetically modified bacteria cells?
To produce human insulin to treat diabetes mellitus.
What are the positives of genetic engineering (3)
- Increased crop-yields for growing population e.g. herbicide-resistance, disease-resistance.
- Useful in medicine e.g. insulin-producing bacteria, anti-thrombin in goat milk, possibly to overcome some inherited disorders
- GM crops produce scarce resources e.g. GM golden rice produces beta-carotene
Describe the risks of genetic engineering (4)
- Long-term effects of consumption of GM crops unknown.
- Negative environmental impacts e.g. reduction in biodiversity, impact on food chain, contamination of non-GM crops forming ‘superweeds’
- Late-onset health problems in GM animals.
- GM seeds are expensive. LEDCs may be unable to afford them or may become dependent on businesses that sell them.
What is the name for crops that have had their genes modified?
Genetically modified (GM) crops e.g those modified to be resistant to insect attacks and herbicides
What is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)?
- Insect larvae are harmful to crops
- Bt is a bacterium which secretes a toxin that kills insect larvae
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1.1 Cell Biology58
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1.2 Cell divison17
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1.3 Transport in cells14
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2.1 Principles of Organisation4
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2.2 Animal Tissues, organ and systems94
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2.3 - Plant tissues, Organs and Systems17
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3.1 Communicable diseases48
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3.2 Monoclonal Antibodies0
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3.3 Plant Disease9
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4.1 Photosynthesis0
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4.2 Respiration0
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5.1 Homeostasis0
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5.2 Human Nervous system7
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5.3 Hormonal Coordination in humans35
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5.4 Plant Hormones0
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6.1 Reproduction38
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6.2 Variation and Evolution27
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6.3 Genetics & Evolution13
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6.4 Classification9
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7.1 Adaptations Interdependence and Competition22
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7.2 Organisation of Ecosystems38
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7.3 Biodiversity1
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7.4 Trophic Levels0
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7.5 Food Production1
