1
Q
Homi Bhabha contributions
A
- Worked alongside neihl bohr and pauli- electron positron scattering, cascade theory of electron showers
- Tata Institute of fundamental research
- Atomic energy commission 1948
- President of UN Conference on peaceful use of atomic energy
- Started space prog - gave it to sarabhai
- Science policy 1958
2
Q
Nuclear energy benefits
A
- Next 400 years
- Half a million job in USA
- 75% in France. Lowest per unit cost
- Zero emissions
- Import dependency
- Less land compared to solar and wind
- Radio isotopes- eg caesium 137 cancer, iodine 131 thyroid radio mapping
- Defence - arihant submarine
- RTGS technology - radio isotope thermoelectric generator ( heat from plutonium to generate electricity) used in space exploration
3
Q
Disadvantages of nuclear energy
A
- Radioactive waste
- Chernobyl, fukshima
- Thermal shock in water bodies
- Land acquisition and public apprehension- ex : Kudankulam, kovvada AP
- DAE is responsible for both operations and safety
- India not yet in NPT
- Highly skilled workforce
4
Q
Nuclear vs renewable
A
- Continuous 24*7
- Location and power evacuation- wind mostly in coastal areas
- Ne requires less land
- Nuclear power plants can operate for 40-60 years, solar max 30, wind turbines- 25
- Ecological impact - birds death on hitting wind turbine
5
Q
Intro to TKDL
A
Database of Indian traditional knowledge developed by ministry of AYUSH along with CSIR. info available in 5 international language and is restricted to patent examiners of 14 patent offices world wide
Enables preservation, protection and promotion of India’s traditional knowledge
6
Q
Govt approves widening access to TKDL beyond patent offices. Positive
A
- Social benefits to humanity - ex: immunity boosting and symptom relief during Covid
- Ensures continued relevance of India’s traditional medicine system. Ex: WHO establishing global center for traditional medicine in india
- Innovation - allows to gainfully build new enterprises on valuable knowledge heritage
- Students, educational institutions, better research
- Will be through a paid subscription model- revenue for government
- Public scrutiny will legitimise the info in the database
7
Q
Issues with making TKDL public
A
- Wrong usage
- MNCs - huge advertisement budget , overshadow
- Lifestyle approach vs piecemeal approach
8
Q
Uses of nano other than agri and health
A
- Nano electronics - carbon nanotubes and nano wires - faster, smaller and lighter electronics
- Nanomolecular structure in construction - lighter, durable
- Nano silicon dioxide in paints - abrasion , scratch and weather resistant
- Nano generators - mechanical energy into electric energy using trio electric effect
- Space- carbon nanotubes - reduce weight of space vehicles
9
Q
Six v of big data
A
- Volume
- Variety
- Velocity
- Veracity- degree to which it can be trusted
- Value
- Variability- used and formatted
10
Q
Concerns of gene editing
A
- Commercialization- designer babies
- Gene discrimination - a common pill might cost 1000s of dollar
- Creation of a superior race, unconventional warfare
- Unregulated
- Off target edits
- Destruction of food webs
- More dangerous microbes ( like what happened to BT cotton)
- Extinct species against law of nature
- Patient privacy - decipher human genome
Other
- Bioweapon
- Bioterrorism - anthrax
- Long gestation period.
11
Q
Socioeconomic contributions of isro
A
- Remote sensing - RESOURCESAT - urban planning, water resource ( fish stock)
- Communication - (INSAT) - telemedicine
- Village resource center - watershed development, panchayat planning
- navigations - irnss, gagan ( air traffic management), BHUVAN ( Geoportal of ISRO - thematic map display)
- Agriculture - weather modelling, land use assessment. CAPE and FASAL applications – both help in better crop production forecast
- Disaster management- covid 19 – national level covid tracker
- Edusat (GSAT 3) – distant classroom education
12
Q
Issues with quantum computing
A
- Quantum physics - programmers will have to learn quantum particles
- Quantum decoherence - lose q state easily
- If fall on wrong hands - can decrypt everything in cyber space
- Not suitable for simple tasks like email, word processing
13
Q
Challenges of blockchain
A
- Infrastructure- high power computer, high speed internet
- Lack of scalability- visa 2000 transactions / sec, bitcoin block chain 3 to 7 per second
- Security - by a group of miners controlling more than 50%
- Lack of skilled manpower
- No regulation
14
Q
Adv of crypto
A
- No middle man
- Minimal transaction fees - service charge, processing fee
- Can facilitate cross border trade
- Security - underlying blockchain system
- Wallet - public key and pvt key. Pvt key known only to the owner of wallet
- Indian startups - unocoin, zebpay
- Good for countries with unstable economy and poor institutional strength
- bitcoin legal tender in elsalvador
Decentralized, security, anonymity, speed, ease of transfer, cross border trade
15
Q
Disadvantage of crypto
A
- Mt gox bankruptcy case - thousands of bitcoins lost after cyber attack
- Money laundering, terrorist financing
- Scarcity- bitcoins less than 1.5 million remaining to be mined - each passing day instability
- Frauds and scams - squid cryptocurrency
- lack of underlying asset and soverign guarantee- no investor protection
- Ransomware virus
16
Q
Benefits of 5g
A
- Greater speed. Intensify use of cloud
- Low latency - control machinery, surgical opertaions remotely. Doctors in China
- Millimetre wave spectrum - more connection density
- Network slicing - subnets in order to provide connectivity more adjusted to specific needs
- Internet of things - smart cities , agriculture - smart farming using smart rfid sensors
- Entertainment and multimedia - AR, VR, Metaverse
- Employment generation - need new device manufacturing
- Security - high quality real time monitoring via Closed circuit network
- Industry growth - smart automated factories
- Good governance via last mile digital connectivity - Ex: gigamesh project
17
Q
Private players in space
A
- Lower spending - USA 10 times, china 6 times
- ISRO can just focus on core tech. Private agency can focus on space based services ( draw iisc report - SPACE ECONOMY OF INDIA )
- Can shift from supply based model to demand based model
- Cost competitiveness- nasa - 54000$/ kg, spacex - 3000$/kg
- Tech advancement in pvt sector- Vikram s rocket of skyroot uses advanced composite materials and 3d printing
- Risk sharing
- Asteroid mining, space tourism
- Spin offs - example heat protection coating- teflon non stick pans
- Human Resource capabilities
Wf
1. Space act
2. Dispute settlement mechanism ( antrix - devas dispute)
3. More space parks like that of Kerala
4 stable policy and regulatory environment
5. Close working with the newly formed INDIAN SPACE ASSOCIATION
Recently formulated Indian space policy is a step in the right direction
18
Q
Robots in healthcare
A
- Pandemic handling - Arjun robot by RPF in Pune railway station to screen passengers for Covid
- Cleaning or disinfection tasks.
- Storage and distribution of medicines-
- Surgical assistance- cyberknife painless robotic surgery for tumour
- Administrative and logistical tasks that are routine and burden the healthcare workers.
- PARO robot being used for calming effect in patients of japan
19
Q
Payloads of chndrayaan
A
- Chaste - thermal properties of lunar regolith
- Rambha- near surface plasma density
- ILSA- lunar seismic activity
- Shape - study earth for lunar surface
20
Q
Improvements of Chandrayaan 2 from Chandrayaan 1
A
Failure based model - focused on what all can fail, protect it, ensure successful landing
- Landing area - 4* 2.4 km
- Legs strengthened to handle 108 km/hr
- Fuel increased to ensure last minute change in landing
- Solar panel on 4 instead of 2
- Addinitional navigational support
21
Q
What are the challenges in allowing pvt to enter India’s space
A
- Regulation - space law, insurance and indeminity guarantee
- Data- ex: data leak on India’s scorpene submarine
- Unfair trade practices - ex: lobbying
- Service vs social
- IPR regime
- Overpromise and underdeliver
22
Q
Issues with space debris
A
- Damage to satellite on collision
- Affects national security
- Space accidents to astronauts
- Kessler syndrome
- Increasing cost - protective and mitigation cost about 5-10% of mission cost
- Parts of space becomes unusable
23
Q
Steps taken regarding space debris
A
- End of life satellites- shifted to higher orbits called graveyard orbits , or lower orbits ( burn down in earths atm)
- Operational satellites
- space situational awareness - Ex: Netra of isro , 10cm, 3400 km range
- debris avoidance manoeuvre - New technologies
Ex: UK RemoveDEBRIS saltellige - net and harpoon technique
24
Q
Payloads for Aditya L1
A
- SUIT- solar uv imaging telescope
- Aspex- solar wind particle experiment
- Plasma analyser package
25
Use of cryogenics
1. Cryopreservation - drugs, stem cells etc
2. Cryosauna- pain relief of sports men
3. Cryofreezing of food - enhancing shelf life and nutrient protection
4. Cryosurgery - external tumours
5. Inert manufacturing zone for production of electronics
6. Space - cryogenic engines
7. metallurgy - cold treatment of tools
26
What is semi conductor
Conduction between a conductor and an insulator. Silicon and geranium. Brain of all modern day electronics
27
Define chat gpt
ChatGPT, which stands for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, is a large language model-based chatbot
28
Application of metaverse broad headings
1. Enhanced social media experience
2. Online ed
3. Health
4. Future entertainment
5. Business communication and optimised productivity
6. Immersive sales and marketing
7. Industries
29
Benefits of generative AI?
1. Creativity amplification - ex: catchy slogans for advertisement- reducing need for extensive manual creative work
2. Time and reduce operational costs- quickly change building design based on continuous customer feedback
3. Hyper personalisation- customised product es recommendations
4. Enhanced productivity for researches -- can create virtual molecules quickly for drug developers
6. Realistic simulations - car crash
7. Good governance - jugalbandhi chat bot in rural India powered by chat gpt
8. Security - quickly complie data from various sources( video feed, senors etc) and simulate attack scenarios
30
How liquid mirror telescope different from conventional telescope
1. LMT is a stationary telescope whereas a conventional telescope moves along the direction of the object of interest in the sky.
2. A LMT will survey and capture any and all possible celestial objects such as stars, galaxies, supernovae explosions, asteroids and even space debris. However, a conventional captures just a piece of sky at a given point of time.
3. LMT comprises mirrors with a reflective liquid (ILMT has mercury as reflective liquid). On the other hand, a conventional telescope uses highly-polished glass mirrors.
4. While ILMT will be capturing images of the sky on all nights, conventional telescopes observe specific objects in the sky for fixed hours only.
31
Key points of ipr policy
1. All IPR into a single vision document
2. dpiit nodal agency
3. Cell for ipr promotion ( CIPAM) under DPIIT - Single point of reference
Objectives
1. Ipr awareness
2. Stimulate innovation and invention
3. Strong, effective ipr laws
4. Service oriented IPR administration
5. Human capital Dev for teaching and research and skill building in ipr
6. Commercialisation of ipr
7. Combat ipr infringements by effective adjudicators mechanism
32
Issues with india ipr
1. Ustr - priority watchlist - no transparency
2. Inspite of law against evergreening - study shows that 72% drug patent grants in India is for marginal improvement
3. Data provided by indian IP office - applications by foreigners = 2* indians
4. indian patent act provides for scientific advisor for courts. But rarely used
5. Mere compulsory license will not work - clinical trial datas
6. No data exclusivity law in India - protection of data that is given to authority for testing for approval - failure to comply with trips
7. IPAB recently abolished
33
Key steps taken by govt for improving ipr regime in india
1. Sipp scheme - to encourage filing of patents by startup’s
2. Reduction in filing fee for startup, msme, educational institutes
3. Expedited examination for certain categories like women inventors
4. National intellectual property awareness mission ( Nipam)
5. Patent facilitation programme - to scout for patentable inventions and provide full support in obtaining the same
6. IPR chairs across higher edn institutes across the country
34
Generative AI IN health
1. Summarise patient history + existing knowledge + global research = time saving = personalised medicine and treatment
2. Expedite drug approval and launch - compile clinical trial date, safety info, manufacturing sops
3. Enhancing medical imaging - can predict the future growth of tumour
4. Facilitate drug discovery - generating virtual compounds and molecules
5. Patient instructions in his/ her native language
35
Why should india focus on semi conductors
Economic
1. Excellent designers
2. Building block of environment tech - ev
3. Anchor firms- bring in display fab firms, mobile circuit industries etc around it
4. Build a resilient supply chain and avoid chip famine
Strategic
1. Countries are looking for china +1. Ban on huwaie
2. Cyber attacks and corporate espionage by china on taiwan has increased
But
1. Uninterrupted power supply and pure water
2. rare earth metals
3. Highly specialised fabrication plants
4. Set of ancillary industries so as to generate domestic demand
3. tropical area
Givt already
1 pli
2. Electronic manufacturing cluster
3. Scheme for promotion of electronic and semiconductor
Wf
1. Kabil
2. Focus on dli- design linked incentives
3. Initiate a quad semi conductor supply chain resilience fund
36
Green hydrogen pro
1. Climate change
2. Paris deal
3. Versatile - synthetic gas or electricity - domestic to industrial purpose
4. Economic - electrolyser production
5. Green manufacturing- green ammonia, green methanol
6. Decarbonises difficult to decarbonise sectors like steel making and shipping
6. High energy density compared to other renewable energy resources
7. As a fuel- 3*, lighter than lithium ion batteries- long haul trucks and commercial vehicles
37
Issues with green hydrogen
1. Safety - volatile, flammable, odourless
2. Currently production is using fossil fuels (requires high pressure+refrigeration)
3. Leakage and corrosion
3. Green hydrogen currently not economical
4. Electrolyser in india
5. Huge amount of water owing to inefficiency of electrolyser
38
Nano in health - overall heading
1. Nano sensors
2. Nano based drug delivery
3. Nanobots - clearing arteries
4. Nano particles - drug delivery to brain
5. Nano flares- identify cancer cell
6. Sunscreen
7. Nano optics - laser eye surgery
39
Biotechnology in health
1. Recombinant dna tech - Ge Insulin
2. Stem cell therapy - regenerative medicines
3. Gene therapy - lukemia
4. Transgenic animal
5. 3d printing or cloning of organs
6. Assisted reproductive technologies - ivf , test tube
7. Monoclonal antibodies, mRNA vaccines during Covid
8. Molecular diagnosis- crispr cas 9, elisa
40
Issues with generative ai
1. Creators bias
2. deep fakes ( draw dig )
Ex: recent AI generated image of pentagon on fire
3. Privacy - no clarity as to what all user information is being collected
4. Accountability- chat gpt prescribes medicines
5. Job loss
6. Miscreants can use it for social engineering - ex: phishing emails
7. Fake news
Newsguard report : 80-98% likelihood of false claims on leading topics in news by chat gpt and bard
41
Application of drones
1. Health - telegana “ medicine from the sky” project
2. Agri
3. Law and order - traffic and crowd control
4. Land mapping - swamitva scheme
5. Urban management - kartanaka govt using for poorer Ty tax estimation
6. Commercial purpose - journalism, film making, wedding videography
7. E-commerce - amazon’ primeair
8. Disaster mgmt
9. Security - surveillance and intelligence gathering
42
Brahmos missile capability
Gs3
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