8

Question 1

helps bring out the image

Answer 1

Phenidone

DEVELOPER

Question 2

builds contrast

Answer 2

Hydroquinone

DEVELOPER

Question 3

preservative; reduces oxidation

Answer 3

Sodium sulphite

DEVELOPER

Question 4

activator; governs the activity of the developing agents

Answer 4

Potassium carbonate

DEVELOPER

Question 5

restrainer; prevents fog and controls the activity of the developing agents

Answer 5

Benzotriazole

DEVELOPER

Question 6

hardens the emulsion

Answer 6

Glutaraldehyde

DEVELOPER

Question 7

prevents fungal growth

Answer 7

Fungicide

DEVELOPER

Question 8

maintains pH (7+)

Answer 8

Buffer

DEVELOPER

Question 9

solvent

Answer 9

Water

FIXER, DEVELOPER

Question 10

removes unsensitized silver halide crystals

Answer 10

Ammonium thiosulphate

FIXER

Question 11

preservative; prevents deterioration of the fixing agent

Answer 11

Sodium sulphite

FIXER

Question 12

hardener

Answer 12

Aluminum chloride

FIXER

Question 13

acidifier; maintains pH

Answer 13

Acetic acid

FIXER

Question 14

→ has no need for a dark room
→ used in most dental clinics
→ contains the needed elements: developer, fixer and water for
rinsing

Answer 14

DEVELOPING BOX

Question 15

→ a safe light is needed and positioned four feet from the solution
→ there should be absolute light tightness, an adequate working space, ventilation, washing facilities and adequate film storage
facilities

Answer 15

DARK ROOM

Question 16

→ have a daylight loading facility
→ process is same as with manual processing except for the rinsing
between the developer and fixer due to rollers in the machine

Answer 16

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

Question 17

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING advantages & disadvantages

Answer 17

→ advantages:
o time-saving
o no dark room needed
o controlled standardized processing conditions are easy to maintain
o chemicals can be replenished automatically by some
machines

→ disadvantages
+ strict maintenance and regular cleaning of rollers which could leave a mark on films
+ plumbing in of some models

Question 18

A n alternative to manual processing
already contains the developer and fixer in a special sachet

Answer 18

SELF-DEVELOPING FILMS

Question 19

SELF-DEVELOPING FILMS advantages & disadvantages

Answer 19

advantages:

o no dark room needed
o time-saving

disadvantages:

o poor overall image quality
o image deteriorates rapidly with time
o no net foil inside the film packet
o film packet is very flexible and easily bent
o difficult to use in positioning folders
o relatively expensive

Question 20

the digital image is captured in pixels (tiny squares), by two different types of sensor–solid-state or photostimulable phosphor plates

Answer 20

COMPUTER DIGITAL PROCESSING

Question 21

the digital image is similar to a film-captured image, in that both are 2-dimensional representations of a 3-dimensional object

in digital imaging, each 2D pixel represents a 3D cuboid or voxel of the patient

Answer 21

COMPUTER DIGITAL PROCESSING

Question 22

the depth of the cuboid is dependent on the thickness of the part of the body being x-rayed

each pixel measures the total x-ray absorption throughout the whole of each voxel

this 2D limitation has been overcome with the development of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)

Answer 22

COMPUTER DIGITAL PROCESSING

Question 23

COMMON CAUSES OF FAULTY RADIOGRAPHS

Answer 23

→ film processing results in a radiographic image
→ not paying attention to detail may lead to many problems
result in poor diagnostic film
→ poor films result in loss of diagnostic information

Question 24

underdevelopment wherein the temperature in the developer is
too low or was dipped for a short time only

Answer 24

Light Radiographs

Question 25

o depleted developer solution o diluted or contaminated developer o excessive fixation

Answer 25

Light Radiographs

Question 26

underexposure: o insufficient milliamperage o insufficient peak kilovoltage o insufficient time o film source distance is too great o film package reversed in mouth

Answer 26

Light Radiographs

Question 27

overdevelopment wherein the temperature of the developer is too high or was dipped for too long

Answer 27

Dark Radiographs

Question 28

o developer concentration is too high o inadequate fixation o accidental exposure to light o improper safelight

Answer 28

Dark Radiographs

Question 29

→ overexposure: o excessive milliamperage o excessive peak kilovoltage o excessive time o film-source distance is too short

Answer 29

Dark Radiographs

Question 30

→ improper safelight → light leak

Answer 30

Film Fogs

Question 31

→ fingerprint contamination or black paper wrapping sticking to film surface → film in contact with other film during fixation → film contamination with developer before processing

Answer 31

Dark Spots or Lines

Question 32

→ cause of excessive pending of films → static discharge of film before processing → excessive roller pressure during processing → dirty rollers in automatic processing

Answer 32

Dark Spots or Lines

Question 33

→ cause of excessive pending of films → static discharge of film before processing → excessive roller pressure during processing → dirty rollers in automatic processing

Answer 33

Dark Spots or Lines

Question 34

→ film contaminated with fixer before processing → film is in contact with another film during development → excessive bending of film

Answer 34

Light Spots

Question 35

→ depleted developer or fixer → insufficient washing → contaminated solutions

Answer 35

Yellow and Brown Stains

Question 36

→ movement of patient’s head or x-ray tube → double exposure; the film has been exposed already and used again

Answer 36

Blurring of Films

Question 37

→ top of the film is not immersed in developing solution → misalignment of x-ray tube which we commonly call as the “Cone Cut”

Answer 37

Partial Images

Question 38

→ abrasion of image during processing → excessive time in wash water

Answer 38

Emulsion Peel

Question 39

→ abrasion of image during processing → excessive time in wash water

Answer 39

Emulsion Peel