8.1-8.3

Question 1

Age-related changes are studied using longitudinal design where a single group of individuals is observed and analyzed at different intervals as they age.

Answer 1

Longitudinal Design

Question 2

• A research approach where several age groups are examined at once.

Answer 2

Cross-sectional Design

Question 3

• A combination of the longitudinal and cross-sectional designs.

Answer 3

Cross-sequential Design

Question 4

Refers to human genetics. It includes the genes we inherit and other heredity factors that shape our personality and influence the development from childhood to adulthood.

Answer 4

Nature

Question 5

• Refers to all the external or environmental factors that impact human development. These factors include how someone is raised, socioeconomic status, early childhood experiences, education, and daily habits

Answer 5

Nurture

Question 6

• Assess the degree of risk for relatives developing mental disorders that other families suffer from.

Answer 6

Family Studies

Question 7

• Share 100% of their genes (nature), as they originate from a single fertilized egg. These twins provide valuable insights into the genetic influence on traits and psychopathology.

Answer 7

Monozygotic Twins (Identical Twins)

Question 8

share only 50% of their genes (nature), as they originated from two separate fertilized eggs, similarly to any other siblings.

Answer 8

Dizygotic Twin (Fraternal Twins)

Question 9

In terms of ___, Identical and Fraternal Twins both share 100%. They share the same environment.

Answer 9

nurture

Question 10

• Focus on individuals who were adopted and raised in environments different from their biological parents.

Answer 10

Adoption Studies

Question 11

Remarkable molecule—the blueprint of life. It resides within the nucleus of the cells.

Answer 11

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 12

Composed of two long sugar-phosphate strands, DNA is linked by chemical bases

Answer 12

(adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine)

Question 13

are organic structures for building proteins that shape physical traits (such as hair color, muscle, and skin) and regulate cellular processes.

Answer 13

Amines

Question 14

Each specific sequence of bases represents a ___—a segment of DNA with a distinct function.

Answer 14

gene

Question 15

Like tiny command centers within the DNA. Determine the traits, from eye color to susceptibility to certain diseases.

Answer 15

genes

Question 16

Humans harbor approximately ___different genes. Half of these come from the biological mothers, and the other half from the biological father.

Answer 16

20,000 to 25,000

Question 17

Rod-shaped structures, which are found in the nucleus of a cell. Each chromosome houses many genes.

Answer 17

Chromosomes

Question 18

Humans possess __ chromosomes in most cells (except for eggs and sperm). These Chromosomes come in pairs—one from each parent.

Answer 18

46

Question 19

____ (22 pairs) dominate most of the characteristics. The last 23rd pair determines the __-:

Answer 19

Autosomes; sex

Question 20

two X-shaped chromosomes for ____ and an X and a Y for ___.

Answer 20

females; males

Question 21

are more active in influencing a trait. If an individual carries a ___gene for a specific trait, that trait will be expressed in their observable characteristics.

Answer 21

Dominant Genes

Question 22

• are less active in influencing a trait. ____ genes are expressed in the observable trait only when paired with another recessive gene. These genes tend to fade when paired with a more dominant gene.

Answer 22

Recessive Genes

Question 23

This involves the influence of multiple pairs of genes on a single trait.
Most traits—whether physical, behavioral, or health related are influenced by the combined effects of several genes.

Answer 23

Polygenic Inheritance

Question 24

The term “polygenic” means “

Answer 24

many genes”.

Question 25

Certain genes tend to associate with each other, especially when influencing related traits.

Answer 25

Genes Grouping Together

Question 26

Some genes are equally dominant or equally recessive. When an individual inherits one dominant and one recessive gene (e.g., one for blond hair and one for red hair), instead of one gene overpowering the other, these genes may blend together.

Answer 26

Equally Dominant or Recessive Genes

Question 27

Some disorders are carried by dominant genes Only one parent needs to have the gene for the disorder to be passed onto offspring.

Answer 27

Dominant Genes and Disorders:

Question 28

A breakdown in brain neurons. -

Answer 28

Huntington’s disease:

Question 29

A connective tissue disorder.

Answer 29

Marfan’s syndrome:

Question 30

Recessive genes cause other genetically determined disorders. These disorders are inherited when a child inherits two recessive genes, one from each parent.

Answer 30

Recessive Genes and Inherited Disorders:

Question 31

A disease affecting the respiratory and digestive tracts.

Answer 31

Cystic fibrosis:

Question 32

A blood disorder.

Answer 32

Sickle-cell anemia:

Question 33

A fatal neurological disorder. -

Answer 33

Tay-Sachs disorder:

Question 34

Infants born without the ability to break down phenylalanine, leading to severe intellectual disabilities if untreated.

Answer 34

Phenylketonuria (PKU):

Question 35

Sometimes the chromosome itself is the problem. Errors during cell division can lead to missing or extra chromosomes.

Answer 35

Chromosome Disorders:

Question 36

An extra chromosome in the 21st pair.

Answer 36

Down syndrome:

Question 37

: Extra sex chromosome (XXY) in the 23rd pair.

Answer 37

Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)

Question 38

: Missing an X chromosome

Answer 38

Turner Syndrome (XO)