9.1 information processing

Question 1

define information processing

Answer 1

the methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised

Question 2

define input stage

Answer 2

information picked up by the senses

Question 3

define display

Answer 3

the sporting environment

Question 4

define receptor systems

Answer 4

the senses that pick up information from the display

Question 5

what are the 5 senses?

Answer 5

sight, auditory sense, touch, balance and kinesthesis

Question 6

define kinesthesis

Answer 6

the inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension

Question 7

what are the external senses?

Answer 7

sight and hearing

Question 8

what are the internal senses?

Answer 8

touch, balance and kinesthesis

Question 9

define selective attention

Answer 9

filtering relevant information from irrelevant information

Question 10

define stimuli

Answer 10

the important and relevant items of information from the display such as the flight of the ball

Question 11

define perception

Answer 11

the process of coding and interpreting sensory information

Question 12

define translatory mechanisms

Answer 12

adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made

Question 13

define effector mechanism

Answer 13

the network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles

Question 14

what is the order of Whiting’s model

Answer 14

input data from display, receptor systems, central mechanism (perceptual mechanism, translatory mechanism and effector mechanism), muscular system, output data and feedback data

Question 15

what does the memory model by Baddeley and Hitch 1978 compose of?

Answer 15

central excecutive, visuospatial sketch pad, episodic buffer, phonological loop and long term memory

Question 16

define working memory

Answer 16

so named since it performs a number of functions

Question 17

define central executive

Answer 17

the control centre of the working memory model, it uses there other ‘systems’ to control all information moving in and out of the memory system

Question 18

define phonological loop

Answer 18

deals with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace

Question 19

define visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 19

used to temporarily store visual and spatial information

Question 20

define episodic buffer

Answer 20

co-ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long-term memory

Question 21

define long-term memory

Answer 21

receives information from the working memory and has an unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes

Question 22

what are the parameters of a recall schema

Answer 22

initial conditions and response specifications

Question 23

what are the parameters of a recognition schema

Answer 23

sensory consequences and response outcome

Question 24

define initial conditions

Answer 24

information from the environment

Question 25

define response specifications

Answer 25

information about what to do

Question 26

define recall schema

Answer 26

initiates movement, comes before the action

Question 27

define recognition schema

Answer 27

controls movement, happens during the action

Question 28

define sensory consequences

Answer 28

information about the feel of the movement

Question 29

define response outcome

Answer 29

feedback about the result

Question 30

define reaction time

Answer 30

the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response

Question 31

define movement time

Answer 31

the time taken to complete the task

Question 32

define response time

Answer 32

the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task. response time is reaction time divided by movement time

Question 33

define Hick's law

Answer 33

reaction time increases as the number of choices increases

Question 34

what is the single channel hypothesis?

Answer 34

that stimuli can only be processed one at a time, so a second stimulus must wait until the first has been processed before it can be processed

Question 35

define the psychological refractory period

Answer 35

a delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed

Question 36

define anticipation

Answer 36

pre-judging a stimulus

Question 37

what are the two types of anticipation?

Answer 37

temporal and spatial

Question 38

define temporal anticipation

Answer 38

when it is going to happen

Question 39

define spatial anticipation

Answer 39

where and what is going to happen

Question 40

how can you improve your response time?

Answer 40

mental practice, training to specific stimuli, develop focus and concentration, improve fitness