1
Q
What are typical flame temperatures for common fuels?
A
Benzene: 920°C (1690°F), Gasoline: 1026°C (1879°F), Kerosene: 990°C (1814°F), Methanol: 1200°C (2190°F), Wood: 1027°C (1880°F)
2
Q
Is flame height strictly a function of heat release rate?
A
No - while it’s calculated from HRR using Heskestad correlation, for a given heat release rate there can be small variations in observed flame height
3
Q
What is counterflow (opposed flow) flame spread?
A
Flame spread where the direction is counter to or opposed to the gas flow. Generally slow as a result of limited ability to preheat fuel ahead of flame front
4
Q
What is concurrent flame spread?
A
Flame spread where the direction is the same as gas flow or wind direction. Generally quite rapid and a result of direct contact of flame with fuel ahead
5
Q
What are typical counterflow flame spread rates?
A
Generally in the range of 0.2 to 2 mm/sec with highest rates occurring for the thinnest fuel
6
Q
What are typical concurrent flame spread rates on thin fuels?
A
Range of tens of cm/sec to m/sec, with highest rates occurring for the thinnest fuels
7
Q
How does flame spread occur on thick fuels?
A
Counterflow spread normally occurs for downward spread. Heating rates limited by very small region of heat transfer (millimeters). Rates generally 0.1 mm/sec
8
Q
What is the flame spread rate for polyurethane foam?
A
2 to 4 mm/sec result from very low density (many thick materials cannot support counterflow flame spread without external heating)
9
Q
When does liquid phase flame spread occur?
A
When the liquid is below its flash point. Flame spread is via liquid flow, driven by surface tension
10
Q
What is typical liquid phase flame spread rate?
A
Generally in the 1 to 10 cm/sec range for very thin fuel layer thicknesses (about 1 mm deep)
11
Q
When does gas phase flame spread occur on liquids?
A
When the liquid is above its flash point; flammable concentrations of fuel vapors exist near the fuel surface
12
Q
What are typical gas phase flame spread rates?
A
Speeds typical of premixed flames: 1 to 2 m/sec
13
Q
What are the four stages of compartment fire development?
A
1) Ignition, 2) Growth, 3) Fully Developed, 4) Decay
14
Q
What happens during early compartment fire development?
A
Fire plume reaches ceiling creating a thin ceiling jet. Hot gases rise and mix with air. A hot gas layer forms at ceiling level
15
Q
What is the role of the fire plume in compartment fires?
A
The fire acts as a ‘pump,’ adding mass (hot gases) and energy to the upper layer, which continues until it fills down to the top of the opening
16
Q
What happens during smoke filling?
A
The depth of the upper hot gas layer increases, continuing until the hot smoky layer reaches the base of the fire, at which point the layer fills down to the top of the opening
17
Q
What is flashover?
A
The transition from ‘a fire in a room’ to ‘a room on fire.’ It represents full room involvement where the fire is dominated by burning of all items in the compartment
18
Q
What is the heat flux at floor level during flashover?
A
Approximately 20 kW/m² (at ceiling approximately 170 kW/m²)
19
Q
What is the upper layer temperature during flashover?
A
Approximately 600°C (1100°F)
20
Q
What causes flashover?
A
The radiant ignition of exposed combustible contents. When upper layer reaches ~600°C, combustible contents ignite, involving all of the combustible surfaces exposed to upper layer
21
Q
What is the post-flashover condition called?
A
Fully developed burning or full room involvement
22
Q
What is fuel-dominated burning?
A
As the burning progresses, the availability of air to continue may be sufficient oxygen even as it grows. Normally occurs during early stages
23
Q
What is fuel-controlled burning?
A
Burning where sufficient oxygen is available; the fire is controlled by the amount of fuel involved
24
Q
What is ventilation-controlled burning?
A
When air flow into the compartment is limited, reducing oxygen levels (can drop to 0-5%). The fire’s heat release rate depends on the amount of oxygen available
25
Are most post-flashover fires fuel-controlled or ventilation-controlled?
Ventilation-controlled
26
What happens during ventilation-controlled burning?
The fire will shift from fuel controlled (where the HRR depends on the amount of fuel involved) to ventilation controlled (where the HRR depends on the amount of oxygen available)
27
What is the maximum heat release rate formula for a single opening?
Q̇max = 1500 Ao√Ho, where Ao = area of opening (m²) and Ho = height of opening (m)
28
For a door 0.9 m (3 ft) wide and 2.1 m (7 ft) tall, what heat release rate can it support?
Only 1600 kW or 1.6 MW
29
What is the neutral plane in compartment fires?
The height where flow changes direction; often visible in fire patterns on door frames. Demarcation visible on floor frame
30
Where is the neutral plane typically located in a single opening?
Usually at ⅓ to ½ of the opening height
31
What happens above the neutral plane?
Flows are out of the compartment
32
What happens below the neutral plane?
Flows are into the compartment
33
What is a flow path?
The route followed by smoke, air, heat, or flame between the fire and another space. Must be composed of at least one intake vent, one exhaust vent, and a connecting volume
34
What is a bidirectional flow?
A flow with a neutral plane where gases flow both into and out at the same opening
35
What is a unidirectional flow?
A flow where intake and exhaust vents are remote from each other; openings at different elevations allowing the whole inlet or outlet to be positioned completely below or above the neutral plane
36
What temperatures can hot gas flows reach?
Can exceed 600°C (1112°F) with speeds up to 32.2 kph (20 mph)
37
What happens in the exhaust portion of flow path?
The portion between the fire and the exhaust vent. High velocities and temperatures increase the rate of heat transfer to all exposed objects in the exhaust flow
38
How can fire spread via openings?
1) Direct flame contact with fuel in target compartment, 2) Radiant ignition of fuels in target room, 3) Ignition of fuels by embers transported through opening
39
How can fire spread via barriers?
1) Conduction of heat through barrier to fuels adjacent, 2) Physical penetration of barrier by fire, 3) Structural collapse of barrier due to fire effects
40
What is the peak HRR of a small wastebasket?
4-50 kW
41
What is the peak HRR of a cotton mattress?
40-970 kW
42
What is the peak HRR of TV sets?
120 to over 1500 kW
43
What is the peak HRR of a polyurethane mattress?
810-2630 kW
44
What is the peak HRR of a polyurethane easy chair?
1350-1990 kW
45
What is the peak HRR of a polyurethane sofa?
3120 kW
46
What is the peak HRR of dry Christmas trees?
3000-5000 kW
47
What is the peak HRR of a wood wardrobe?
1900-6400 kW
48
What are the reported ignition temperatures for benzene flames?
920°C (1690°F)
49
What are the reported ignition temperatures for gasoline flames?
1026°C (1879°F)
50
What are the reported ignition temperatures for kerosene flames?
990°C (1814°F)
51
What are the reported ignition temperatures for methanol flames?
1200°C (2190°F)
52
What are the ignition temperatures for cigarettes?
Puffing: 830-910°C (1520-1670°F), Free burn: 500-700°C (930-1300°F)
53
What is the ignition temperature for steel tool mechanical sparks?
1400°C (2550°F)
54
What is the flashpoint?
The liquid temperature above which an ignitable concentration of flammable vapors is generated above the liquid surface
55
Can liquids at bulk temperatures below fire point be ignited by pilot flame or spark?
No - however, liquids can be heated locally to above ignition and the fire can then spread to involve the pool
56
How can a liquid that is otherwise below its flash point ignite?
Through local heating mechanisms including flame impingement on liquid surface, heating of wick formed by liquid on porous material, or local application and ignition of a flammable liquid
57
Can atomized liquids or mists ignite at temperatures below published flash point?
Yes - several hundred degrees Celsius have been shown to be ignitable in the form of spray
58
What is autoignition of a liquid?
Can occur if the flammable vapors produced above the liquid surface are sufficiently hot to support gas phase autoignition
59
Can flammable gases be ignited within specific ranges of gas concentration?
Yes - these limits are normally expressed as LEL and UEL
60
Can a flammable gas-air mixture autoignite if temperature of mixture is sufficiently high?
Yes - in absence of spark or pilot flame, if the lowest temperature at which a flammable gas-air mixture can be ignited without pilot is termed the autoignition temperature (AIT)
61
Do large volumes of flammable gas-air mixtures favor ignition?
Yes - typically large volumes and stoichiometric flammable gas-air mixtures favor ignition at lower temperatures
62
Are open clouds of flammable mixtures more easily ignited than the same liquid?
Yes - ignition occurring at lower temperatures for larger hot surface areas
63
What is smoldering?
A solid phase burning process, which normally includes thermal decomposition step to create char, followed by solid phase burning of char
64
Can virgin materials that are not capable of solid phase burning smolder?
No - materials that cannot smolder as virgin fuel include most thermoplastics and most thermosetting polymers
65
What type of materials can smolder?
Materials such as wood, cloth, and other cellulosic products. Some thermosetting polymers can form a liquid product when vigorously heated and form a char under more moderate heating conditions
66
Is the term 'smoldering' sometimes inappropriately used?
Yes - to describe a nonflaming response of a solid fuel to external heat flux. When thermoplastics are subjected to sufficient heat flux, will degrade, gasify, and release vapors
67
Can smoldering transition to flaming?
Yes - if smoldering creates sufficient flammable vapors for piloted flaming ignition
68
When does transition normally occur?
When the smoldering becomes vigorous as a result of enhanced airflow to the smolder region, which can occur as a result of failure of surface, creation of hole or channel by smoldering
69
How long can transition from smolder to flaming take?
Transitions to flaming in upholstered furniture have been observed in times ranging from 20 minutes to many hours
70
When does flaming combustion initiate after smoldering begins?
Once flaming combustion begins, however, the development of the fire may be faster than if the original ignition source was a flame
71
Must substances be melted and vaporized for piloted ignition?
Yes - for solid fuels to burn with a flame, the substance must either be melted and vaporized or thermally decomposed or pyrolyzed into gases or vapors
72
What does piloted ignition require?
These flammable vapors are ignited by pilot source in form of small flame, spark, ember, or hot surface
73
What is the piloted ignition temperature for solids?
While concept is engineering approximation, the principle is sufficiently robust to allow general application of experimentally determined ignition temperatures, approximately 250°C to 450°F (480°F to 840°F)
74
Does wood ignite at a higher or lower temperature with higher heat flux?
Lower - wood may ignite around 250°C (480°F) when heated at low heat flux, but can ignite at lower temperatures when exposed to higher heat fluxes and effect of piloting
75
When does flaming autoignition occur?
Where no pilot sources are available; ignition of solids relies upon autoignition of the flammable gases generated by heating
76
What are reported autoignition temperatures for wood?
In the 400°C to 600°C
77
Lower - wood may ignite around 250°C (480°F) when heated at low heat flux, but can ignite at lower temperatures when exposed to higher heat fluxes and effect of piloting
78
What are reported autoignition temperatures for wood?
In the 400°C to 600°C (750°F to 1100°F) range
79
Can wood autoignite at medium heat fluxes?
Yes - at about 400°C (750°F)
80
For autoignition to occur as result of radiative heat transfer, what must happen?
For autoignition the volatiles released from surface need to be hot enough to produce a flammable mixture above its autoignition temperature
81
What is an inclined trench?
A sloped combustible surface that is laterally bounded by vertical side walls (best example is enclosed stairway with walls on either side)
82
What happened at the King's Cross Underground Station fire in 1987?
The fire in a wooden escalator inclined at 30 degrees became established across full width; flames spread up the escalator "trench" at 30 degrees rather than going vertically
83
What causes rapid upward flame spread in inclined trenches?
The confinement provided by sides of escalator; rate of upward spread was totally unexpected and probably equal to what would have been experienced if escalator had been vertical
84
Where does counterflow flame spread on thick fuels normally occur?
For downward flame spread (flame attaches to fuel surface on both sides of sheet)
85
What is typical for counterflow flame spread on a wall or horizontal spread on upward facing horizontal surface?
Heat transfer from flame foot (see Figure 5.8.3.4 insert) via both gas phase and solid phase
86
What are typical unenhanced flame spread rates for polyurethane foam?
2 to 4 mm/sec (very low density - many thick materials cannot support counterflow flame spread without external heating)
87
Can external heating affect flame spread?
Yes - dripping of liquefied polyurethane foam from furniture can form pool fire under furniture; ignition of underside increases rate of burning of furniture and results in rapid flame spread
88
What can cause melting and dripping in flame spread?
Melting of material likely to drip and pool on horizontal surfaces. Melting and dripping can result in removal of fuel from spreading flame front, significantly hinder ability of flame front to propagate
89
What role does external heating play in thick fuels?
Sources of such preheating include radiation from hot compartment gases or from a nearby flame, or flame spread rates on thick solid fuels can approach gas phase flame spread rates of liquid fuels
90
What is fire spread as opposed to flame spread?
Fire spread involves the ignition of one or more additional fuel packages. Fuel packages can be located within same or adjacent compartments
91
How can fire spread by flame impingement?
As fire grows, flame spread can be aided by hot flow created by hot gases rising within compartment; flames from pool fire in center can be deflected to flow into doorway
92
How can fire spread by remote ignition?
Remote ignition can occur through three modes of heat transfer: conduction through walls and ceilings, radiative ignition of target fuel packages, and through hot smoke will radiate thermal energy to other fuel packages
93
When are smoke production rates generally less?
In early phase of fire but increase greatly with onset of flashover if flashover occurs
94
What happens to smoke production at beginning of fire vs. after flashover?
At beginning there is abundance of oxygen, but after flashover fire usually becomes significantly underventilated; can be demonstrated by putting glass over candle and observing increased smoke production
95
Do all fuels produce same amount of smoke?
No - some fuels, such as alcohol or natural gas, burn very cleanly while others such as fuel oil or styrene produce large amounts of sooty smoke even when the fire is fuel controlled
96
What is the ventilation factor?
Calculated as the area of the opening (Ao) times the square root of the height of the opening (Ho)
97
What is the formula for flashover heat release rate based on opening?
Q̇fo = 750 Ao√Ho
98
For a door 0.9 m (3 ft) wide and 2.1 m (7 ft) tall, what HRR is needed to cause flashover?
About 2000 kW or 2 MW would be needed
99
If we block the lower 1 meter of the doorway to make it a window, what happens?
The height of opening is reduced to 1.1 meter and the heat release rate that window opening can support is only 1600 kW or 1.6 MW
100
How do ceilings or large compartment volumes affect flashover?
Development of upper layer of sufficient temperature to cause radiant ignition of exposed combustible fuels is necessary for flashover; high ceilings or large volumes will delay this buildup and therefore delay or possibly prevent flashover
101
Is the distance between hot layer and combustible fuel a factor?
Yes - but of less importance
102
What happens when a burning fuel package is away from a wall?
Air is free to flow into the fire plume from all directions and mix with fuel gases; brings air for combustion into flame zone and cools upper part of plume by entrainment
103
What happens when same fuel package is placed in corner?
Given fire size will lead to a 30 percent greater hot gas absolute temperature than same fire size away from wall; when placed in corner absolute temperature can be 50 percent greater
104
Does a compartment with multiple openings have a single neutral plane height?
Yes - even if it has multiple floor-to-ceiling openings above and below the neutral plane
105
What happens with vent openings above the neutral plane?
Flows are out of the compartment
106
What happens with vent openings below the neutral plane?
Flows are into the compartment
107
How do changes in neutral plane height occur?
Changes will occur as result of opening additional vents during a fire (for instance, a vent may show two directional flow during a portion of fire, then transition to solely an inflow vent when fire breaches ceiling)
108
What is a rapid oxidation process?
A rapid oxidation process, which is an exothermic chemical reaction, resulting in the release of heat and light energy.
109
What are the four components of the fire tetrahedron?
1) Fuel, 2) Oxidizing agent (oxygen), 3) Heat, 4) Uninhibited chemical chain reaction
110
How many joules are in 1 calorie?
4.184 joules
111
Define power in the context of fire.
Energy released per unit time, measured in joules per second (J/s) or watts (W)
112
What is 1 Btu?
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1°F
113
What happens if you remove one element from the fire tetrahedron?
Fire is prevented or suppressed
114
What is melting?
A physical phase change from solid to liquid with no change in chemical structure (e.g., candle wax melting)
115
What is vaporization?
A physical change from liquid to vapor with no change in chemical structure (e.g., water evaporating)
116
What is thermal decomposition (pyrolysis)?
Irreversible changes in chemical structure of a material due to effects of heat, producing gases, some of which are flammable
117
What is sublimation?
A phase change where a solid transforms directly to gas (e.g., dry ice, CO₂)
118
Does thermal decomposition of flexible polyurethane produce flammable gases?
Yes - under moderate heating it forms a thick liquid, and under vigorous heating produces flammable gases and vapors
119
What is premixed burning?
Fuel vapors mix with air in absence of an ignition source; the mixture is subsequently ignited. Examples: gasoline evaporation, natural gas release
120
What are typical deflagration velocities for premixed flames?
Normally range from cm/sec to m/sec, though velocities into hundreds of m/sec are possible
121
What is diffusion flame burning?
The ordinary sustained burning mode in most fires where fuel vapors and oxidizer are separate and combustion occurs where they come together. Example: candle flame
122
What is a defining characteristic of diffusion flames?
A candle flame typifies diffusion burning, with luminous flame zone where air and fuel vapors meet
123
What is the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)?
The minimum percentage of fuel in air (by volume) in which combustion can occur. Below LEL, the mixture is "too lean"
124
What is the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)?
The maximum percentage of fuel in air (by volume) in which combustion can occur. Above UEL, there are insufficient oxygen molecules
125
What are the LEL and UEL for methane in air?
LEL = 5 percent, UEL = 15 percent
126
What is the flammable/explosive range?
The difference between the lower and upper limits; the extent (width) describes fire hazard
127
Can diffusion flames only occur for certain concentrations of mixture components?
Yes - the lowest oxygen concentration in nitrogen is termed the limiting oxygen index (LOI), typically 10-14% for most fuels at ordinary temperatures
128
What do complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels produce?
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O)
129
What are common products of incomplete combustion?
Carbon monoxide, soot, unburned fuels, and other products. Materials with nitrogen can produce hydrogen cyanide
130
What is smoke?
The collection of solid, liquid, and gaseous products of incomplete combustion
131
Is smoke color a reliable indicator of what is burning?
No - white smoke from well-ventilated fuel can be the same as fuel under low-oxygen conditions. Black smoke can be produced by many materials in post-flashover fires
132
What does soot deposition on surfaces indicate?
Soot accumulates more heavily on cooler surfaces due to heat conduction properties. Presence indicates smoke involvement, but lack of deposit doesn't mean smoke wasn't present
133
Does a sharp line of demarcation indicate limits of smoke involvement?
No - this is NOT evidence of the limits of smoke involvement
134
What is conduction?
Heat transfer within solids when one portion is heated; energy is transferred from the heated area to the unheated area
135
What is thermal conductivity (k)?
A measure of the amount of heat per unit of time that will flow across a unit area with a temperature gradient of 1 degree per unit length (W/m·K or Btu/hr·ft·°F)
136
Do metals have high or low thermal conductivity?
High thermal conductivity - they conduct heat faster than low-density materials
137
What is thermal inertia (kρc)?
A measure of how easily the surface temperature of a material will increase when heat flows into it; important at ignition and early fire stages
138
Which materials have low thermal inertia?
Low-density materials like polyurethane foam (will increase quickly upon exposure to heat flux)
139
Which materials have high thermal inertia?
Metals (surface temperature increases slowly compared to plastic or wood)
140
What is convection?
Transfer of heat energy by movement of heated liquids or gases from the source of heat to a cooler part of the environment
141
What is natural convection?
Heat transfer by buoyancy-induced flows; hot gas plume above hot surface results from high temperature of hot surface relative to environment
142
What is forced convection?
Heat transfer where velocity of flowing gas is externally imposed, such as by a fan
143
What creates the hot gas plume above a fire?
Natural convection - the mixing of cooler ambient air with hot gas produces buoyancy-induced flows
144
What is radiation?
Transfer of heat energy from a hot surface or gas to a cooler material by electromagnetic waves, without need for an intervening medium
145
Can radiation travel through a vacuum?
Yes - for example, heat energy from the sun is radiated through space
146
Can radiation be blocked?
Yes - by intervening materials. Some materials will block all radiant heat (like metals), others reduce or block only certain wavelengths
147
What is the relationship between radiant heat transfer rate and temperature?
The rate is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature (T⁴)
148
What happens when you double the absolute temperature of a radiating material?
The net heat radiation increases by 16-fold (2⁴ = 16)
149
At what temperature does water freeze in Fahrenheit?
32°F
150
At what temperature does water boil in Fahrenheit?
212°F
151
At what temperature does water freeze in Celsius?
0°C
152
At what temperature does water boil in Celsius?
100°C
153
What is absolute zero in Kelvin?
0 K (which equals -273.15°C)
154
Convert 100°C to Fahrenheit.
212°F [Formula: °F = (⅗ × °C) + 32]
155
Convert 32°F to Celsius.
0°C [Formula: °C = ⅝ (°F − 32)]
156
What is the Kelvin temperature when water freezes?
273 K
157
What is fuel load?
The amount of fuel per unit floor area in a compartment, commonly expressed in kg or lb per m² or ft²
158
What is fuel load density?
The potential combustion energy per unit floor area (MJ/m² or Btu/ft²)
159
°C [Formula: °C = ⅝ (°F − 32)]
160
What does Heat Release Rate (HRR) measure?
The power or energy release rate of a fire, measured in kW or Btu/sec
161
What is the formula for Heat Release Rate?
Q̇ = ṁ" ΔHc, where ṁ" is mass loss per unit area per second and ΔHc is heat of combustion
162
How does HRR change during fire growth?
HRR increases generally as a result of increasing flame spread rate over the fuel package; peak corresponds to period of steady state burning
163
What is heat flux?
Heat transfer rate per unit area, measured in kW/m²
164
What is the nominal solar radiation on a clear summer day?
1.0 kW/m²
165
What heat flux causes common thermal radiation exposure while firefighting?
2.5 kW/m²
166
What heat flux causes human skin to experience pain with 3-second exposure and blisters in 4 seconds?
10 kW/m²
167
What heat flux causes wood to ignite with extended exposure?
12.5 kW/m²
168
What heat flux at floor level indicates flashover conditions?
20 kW/m²
169
What is the maximum heat flux in a postflashover fire compartment?
170 kW/m²
170
What heat flux causes fiberboard to ignite spontaneously after 5 seconds?
52 kW/m²
171
What are the three forms of ignition for solid fuels?
1) Smoldering ignition (solid phase burning), 2) Piloted flaming ignition, 3) Flaming autoignition
172
What is smoldering ignition?
A solid phase combustion process, which is normally endothermic. Creates char. Flameless.
173
What is piloted flaming ignition?
Ignition that requires an external ignition source (pilot source) like a small flame, spark, ember, or hot surface
174
What is flaming autoignition?
Ignition that occurs where no pilot sources are available; the flammable gases generated by heating must be hot enough to self-ignite
175
What is the typical piloted ignition temperature range for wood?
Approximately 250°C to 450°C (480°F to 840°F), varying with heating conditions
176
Does wood ignite at a single specific temperature?
No - ignition temperature varies with the heating conditions. At low heat flux wood may ignite around 250°C (480°F); at higher heat fluxes ignition can occur at lower temperatures
177
What is self-heating?
A process whereby a material undergoes a chemical reaction that increases temperature solely due to exothermic reactions
178
What is thermal runaway?
When heat generated exceeds heat lost to surroundings, the internal temperature rises to ignition temperature. Most common in insulated parts of fuel packages
179
What are the 5 conditions required for spontaneous ignition?
1) Oxygen present, 2) Sufficient reaction surface area, 3) Ambient temperature sufficiently high, 4) Critical mass achieved, 5) Insufficient heat dissipation. ALL FIVE must be present
180
What are common materials subject to self-heating?
1) Polymerization of fatty acids (oils), 2) Oxidation of carbonaceous materials (coal, charcoal), 3) Biologically induced oxidation (hay, compost), 4) Heat-induced oxidation of cellulose, 5) Polymerization reactions (plastics, rubbers)
181
Can charcoal briquettes self-heat?
Yes - charcoal briquettes have been subjected to ignition testing and do not approach self-ignition even when placed in unusually high ambient temperatures (closed automobile in sun)
182
What are the three regions of a fire?
1) Continuously flaming region (lower portion of visible flame), 2) Intermittently flaming region (upper portion), 3) Plume region (above visible flame)
183
What is the typical temperature in the continuously flaming region?
Approximately 1000°C (1832°F) with little variation
184
What is the temperature at the continuous flame region (50% intermittency)?
About 500°C (932°F) at plume region
185
What is the centerline temperature in the intermittent flame region?
Falls from about 1000°C (1832°F) at continuous flame region to about 500°C (932°F) at plume region
Investigator
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
-
921 Definitions160
-
NFPA 921 and the Scientific Method58
-
highlighted sections118
-
Trial Prep - General questions116
-
1033 (2022 ed.,)122
-
921 Chapters 1-3 (including Definitions)287
-
921 Chapter 4 - Basic Methodology41
-
921 Chapter 5 - Basic Fire Science185
-
921 Chapter 6 - Fire Effects & Fire Patterns111
-
921 Chapter 7 - Building Systems42
