9A.4

Question 1

what is a catalyst

Answer 1

it is a substance that increases the rate of reaction without being used up in the reaction (changing it chemically)

Question 2

Catalysts dont provide lower activation energy of a reaction pathway it …

Answer 2

provides an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy

Question 3

what is a reaction pathway

Answer 3

a reaction or a series of reacts that a reactant undergoes to convert to a product

Question 4

how does a catalyst change the Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

Answer 4

it doesn’t change the graph just the activation energy moves up the graph (more area)

Question 5

what is a reaction profile graph

Answer 5

it is a graph that has the same features as the enthalpy level diagram it just shows the activation energy

Question 6

what is the difference between a profile diagram with and without a catalyst

Answer 6

the peek of the activation energy is lower

Question 7

what is an intermediate

Answer 7

An intermediate is a molecule that is formed from two or more reactants and then reacts further to give products.

Question 8

what is the reaction between peroxydisulfate ions and iodide ions

Answer 8

S2O8^2- (aq) + 2I^-(aq) ——–> 2SO4^2- + I2^-

Question 9

what is the reaction between peroxydisulfate ions and iodide ions with an iron catalyst

Answer 9

reaction one:
S2O8^2-(aq) + 2Fe^2+(aq) ——-> 2SO4^-2(aq) + 2Fe^3+(aq)

reaction two:

2I^-(aq) + 2Fe^3+(aq) ———-> I2(aq) + 2Fe^2+(aq)

Question 10

what are two economical benefits of using a catalyst

Answer 10

1. the increase of the rate of chemical reactions, meaning more of the desired product
2. reactions can take place at a lower temperature meaning less money spent as there a decrease in energy cost

Question 11

when exams q asks us to compare two industrial processes what points should we include

Answer 11

1. atom and yield economy
2. energy coasts
3. environmental issues

Question 12

what are heterogeneous catalysts

Answer 12

catalysts that are in a different phase than the reactants

Question 13

what is a phase

Answer 13

a physically distinct form of matter (liquid solid gas)

Question 14

in chemical reactions what is considered waste

Answer 14

it is a product that has little to no commercial value

Question 15

how can a catalyst help with reducing waste

Answer 15

1. it stops any side reactions producing any unwanted products
2. it helps with only forming the desired product with little to no co-product

Question 16

how can a zeolite help in the manufacture of phenol

Answer 16

using a zeolite catalyst allows benzene to be oxidized to phenol using nitrogen monoxide with nitrogen as the only other product

Question 17

which is better the manufacture of phenol, the use of zeolite with benzene for the use of cumene with benzene, and why

Answer 17

zeolite as a catalyst because more atom economy

Question 18

what is zeolite

Answer 18

a catalyst made up form oxygen, silicon, and aluminum

Question 19

Raney nickel is an

Answer 19

an alloy of nickel and aluminum

Question 20

what are the advantages of using Rany nickel and HF as a catalyst for ibuprofen, instead of using AlCl3

Answer 20

1. fewer steps from 6 to 3
2. more atom economy
3. HF and Raney nickel can be recovered and used more

Question 21

what are other things to consider when comparing both Raney nickel and HF with AlCl3

Answer 21

1. fewer steps less, most likely fewer energy coasts
2. percentage yield for each step might be higher and it might be higher for fewer steps
3. the whole process might be quicker so that you get more products
4. there might be less product lost in separation after each step, and there might be only separation at the end