A Childs Journey - Development

Question 1

What are the phases of childhood?

Answer 1

• Neonate
  
  • <4 weeks
• Infant
  
  • <12 months
• Toddler
  
  • 1-2 years
• Pre-school
  
  • 2-5 years
• School age
• Teenanger/adolescent

Question 2

What ages are the following phases:

• neonate
• infant
• toddler
• pre-school
• school age
• teenanger/adolescent

Answer 2

• Neonate
  
  • <4 weeks
• Infant
  
  • <12 months
• Toddler
  
  • 1-2 years
• Pre-school
  
  • 2-5 years
• School age
• Teenanger/adolescent

Question 3

What is the development of children?

Answer 3

Is the gaining of functional skills throughout childhood:

• A gradual yet rapid process
• Typically birth to 5 years (but brains develop in utero)
• Fairly consistent pattern but rate will vary between people
• Cell growth, migration, connection, pruning and myelination (use it or lose it)

Question 4

What are the 5 key developmental fields?

Answer 4

• Gross motor
• Fine motor
• Social and self-help
• Speech and language
• Hearing and vision

Question 5

What gross motor skills are achieved by:

• 3 months
• 6 months
• 9 months
• 12 months
• 18 months
• 2 years
• 2.5 years

Answer 5

• 3 months
  
  • Lifts head and chest when lying on stomach
  • Turns around when lying on front
• 6 months
  
  • Rolls over from back to front
  • Sits steadily without support (by 8-9 months)
• 9 months
  
  • Crawls on hands
  • Pulls to stand
  • Walks around furnature while holding on
• 12 months
  
  • Stands without support
  • Walks without help (by 18 months)
  • Runs (some falls)
• 18 months
  
  • Kicks a ball forward
  • Runs well (few falls)
  • Walks up and down stairs without support
• 2 years
  
  • Climbs on play equipment such as ladders and slides
• 2.5 years
  
  • Stands on one foot without support
  • Walks up and down stairs one foot per step

Question 6

What fine motor skills are achieved by:

• 3 months
• 6 months
• 9 months
• 12 months
• 18 months
• 2 years
• 2.5 years

Answer 6

• 3 months
  
  • Looks at and reaches for faces and toys
  • Picks up toy with one hand
• 6 months
  
  • Transfers toy from one hand to other
  • Uses two hands to pick up large object
• 9 months
  
  • Picks up small objects with thumb and finger pincer grip
• ​12 months
  
  • Stacks 2 or more blocks
  • Picks up 2 small toys in one hand
• 18 months
  
  • Builds towards of 4 or more blocks
  • Scribbles with crayon
  • Turns pages of picture books one at a time
• 2 years
  
  • Scribbles with circular motion
• 2.5 years
  
  • Draws of copies vertical lines
  • Cuts with small sizzors

Question 7

When should children sit steadily without support by?

Answer 7

8-9 months

Question 8

When should children walk without help by?

Answer 8

18 months

Question 10

When should children pick up small objects with thumb and finger in pincer grip be achieved by?

Answer 10

9 months

Question 11

When should scribbling with crayon be achieved by?

Answer 11

18 months

Question 12

What language skills are developed by:

• 3 months
• 6 months
• 9 months
• 12 months
• 18 months

2 years

• 2.5 years

Answer 12

• 3 months
  
  • Cries in special way when hungry
  • Makes sounds like “ah ah”
  • Laughs
• 6 months
  
  • Babbles
  • Responds to name (turns and looks)
  • Makes sounds like “da-da”
• ​9 months
  
  • ​Understands phrases like “no-no”
• 12 months
  
  • Has 1 or 2 words with meaning
  • Uses “mama” or “dada” specifically for parents or similar
• 18 months
  
  • Uses at least 10 words
  • Asks for drink or food using words or sounds
  • Names a few familiar objects in picture books
  • Follows two part instructions
  • Starts to joint words into sentence (21-24 months)
• ​2 years
  
  • Has vocabularly of around 30-50 words
• 2.5 years
  
  • Speaks clearly, understandable most of the time
  • Knows what to do with objects such as a hat or biscuit

Question 13

When should children respond to their name by looking by?

Answer 13

6 months

Question 14

When should children be able to make sounds like “da-da” or “ma-ma” by?

Answer 14

6 months

Question 15

When should children have 1 or 2 wors with meaning by?

Answer 15

12 months

Question 16

When should children use “mama” or “dada” specifically for parents attention by?

Answer 16

12 months

Question 17

When should children start to joint words into sentences by?

Answer 17

21-24 months

Question 18

What social skills should be achieved by:

• 3 months
• 6 months
• 9 months
• 12 months
• 18 months
• 2 years
• 2.5 years

Answer 18

• 3 months
  
  • Social smile (by 6-8 weeks)
  • Distinguishes mother from others
• 6 months
  
  • Reaches for familiar people
  • Pushes things away they dont want
• 9 months
  
  • Looks for objects that fall out of sight - object promanence (9-12 months)
  • Stranger awareness
  • Plays peek-a-boo
  • Waves “bye bye”
• 12 months
  
  • Gives kisses or hugs
  • Shows shared attention/pointing to things of interest
• ​18 months
  
  • Sometimes says “no” when interfere with
  • Shows sympathy to other children
  • Early pretend play
  • Usually responds to correction by stopping
• 2 years
  
  • “Help” with simple household tasks
• 2.5 years
  
  • Plays with other children
  • Plays role in “pretend” games
  • Plays games such as hide and seek

Question 19

When should children do a social smile by?

Answer 19

6-8 weeks

Question 20

When should children look for objects that fall out of sight by?

Answer 20

9-12 months

Question 21

When should children show shared attention/pointing to things of interest by?

Answer 21

12 months

Question 22

When should children perform early pretend play by?

Answer 22

18 months

Question 23

What self-help skills are achieved at the following:

• 3 months
• 6 months
• 9 months
• 12 months
• 18 months
• 2 years
• 2.5 years

Answer 23

• 3 months
  
  • Reacts to seeing bottle/breast
  • Comfors self with thumb/dummy
• 6 months
  
  • Feeds self biscuits or similar food
• 9 months
  
  • Picks up a spoon by hands
• 12 months
  
  • Lifts cup to mouth
  • Insists on doing things by self such as feeding
  • Feeds self with spoon
• 18 months
  
  • Eats with fork
  • Eats with spoon spilling a little
  • Takes off open coat or shirt without help
• 2 years
  
  • Opens door by turning knob
• 2.5 years
  
  • Washes and dries hands
  • Dresses self with help

Question 24

When should children feed self with spoon by?

Answer 24

12 months

Question 25

When should the following be done by: - sits steadily without support - walks without help - picks up small objects with thumb and finger - scribbles with crayon - respond to name - make sounds like "dada" - have 1 or 2 words with meaning - use "dada" or "mama" specifically for parents - early pretend play - social smile - look for objects that falls out of sight - stranger awareness - show shared attention/pointing to things of interest - early pretend play - feed self with spoon

Answer 25

* When should the following be done by: * - sits steadily without support * 8-9 months * - walks without help * 18 months * - picks up small objects with thumb and finger * 9 months * - scribbles with crayon * 18 months * - respond to name * 6 months * - make sounds like "dada" * 6 months * - have 1 or 2 words with meaning * 12 months * - use "dada" or "mama" specifically for parents * 12 months * - early pretend play * 18 months * - social smile * 6-8 weeks * - look for objects that falls out of sight * 9-12 months * - stranger awareness * 9 months * - show shared attention/pointing to things of interest * 12 months * - early pretend play * 18 months * - feed self with spoon * 12 months

Question 26

When should a child be able to draw copies of complete circle by?

Answer 26

3 years

Question 27

When should child be able to draw person with 3 parts?

Answer 27

4.5 years

Question 28

When should child be able to follow series of simple instructions in order by?

Answer 28

3.5 years

Question 29

When should a child be able to do the following by: - draw copies of complete circle - draw person with 3 parts - follow series of simple instructions

Answer 29

* Draw copies of complete circle * 3 years * Draw person with 3 parts * 4.5 years * Follow series of simple instructions * 3.5 years

Question 30

What are 3 possible different development patterns?

Answer 30

* Normal * Global delay * Delay in specific domain

Question 31

What are milestones?

Answer 31

* Achievement of key development skills * Social smile, sitting, walking, first words

Question 32

When should children be refered for not meeting milestone?

Answer 32

* For example mean walking age is 12 months, some may walk by 9-10 months, refer if not walking by 18 months

Question 33

What are red flags for referal?

Answer 33

* No social smile by 2 months * Not sitting unsupported by 9 months * Not walking unsupported by 18 months * No words by 2 years * Loss of developmental skills * Concerns regarding vision * Hearing loss * Persistent low muscle tone * Asymmetry of movements/increased muscle tone

Question 34

When does the following become red flags: - no social smile - not sitting unsupported - not walking unsupported - no words

Answer 34

* No social smile * By 2 months * Not sitting unsupported * By 9 months * Not walking unsupported * By 18 months * No words * By 2 years

Question 35

What are some "normal variations" to be recognised in terms of milestones?

Answer 35

* Early developers * Late normal * Bottom shufflers – walking delay * Bilingual families – apparent language delay * Familial traits

Question 36

What are some factors that influence development?

Answer 36

* Genetics * Family, race, gender * Environment * Positive early childhood experience * Developing brain vulnerable to insults * Antenatal * Postnatal * Abuse and neglect

Question 37

What are some adverse antenatal and postnatal environmental factors for development?

Answer 37

* Antenatal * Infections (CMV, rubella, toxo, VZV) * Toxins (alcohol, smoking, snit-epileptics) * Postnatal * Infections (meningitis, encephalitis) * Toxins (solvents, mercury, lead) * Trauma (head injuries) * Malnutrition (iron, folate, vitamin D) * Metabolic (hypoglycaemia, hyper and hyponatraemia) * Maltreatment/under stimulation/domestic violence * Maternal mental health issues

Question 38

What is developmental screening done by?

Answer 38

Healthy Child Programme (HCP) UK

Question 39

What is the best way to evaluate development?

Answer 39

Best way to evaluate development is to observe play and activity and try to guess the age