1
Q
External ear components?
A
- pinna, EAC, TM
- helix: outer rim of tissue and cartilage that forms C and ends at ear lobe
- external auditory meatus is opening that leads into external EAC
- the canal has glands that secrete cerumen
- at end of canal is TM, a thin dividing wall b/t external and middle ear
- mastoid process: bony projection of temporal bone that lies just behind the external ear and contains tiny cavities filled with air
2
Q
Middle ear components?
A
- eustachian tube, tympanic cavity and its contents like ossicle muscles, ligaments, mucosal folds
- 3 tiny bones:
malleus, incus and stapes - connected to nasopharynx by eustachian tube
3
Q
Inner ear components?
A
- 3 fluid filled structures:
vestibule
semicircular canals
cochlea - vestibule is entrance area to inner ear
- on end of vestibule becomes 3 semicircular canals
- the other end of vestibule becomes coiled cochlea
4
Q
Blood supply to ear?
A
- 2 branches of external carotid artery: posterior auricular artery and superficial temporal artery
- accompanying veins drain into internal jugular vein by either facial or external jugular veins
5
Q
Nerve supply to the ear?
A
- external: auriculo-temporal branch of trigeminal nerve, greater auricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve and auricular branch (arnold’s branch) of vagus nerve
- middle ear: chorda tympani nerve, and tympanic plexus nerve
- inner ear: facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve
6
Q
lymphatic drainage of the ear?
A
- pre auricular lymph node (anteriorly)
- post auricular lymph node (posteriorly)
- infra auricular lymph node inferiorly
7
Q
2 fxns of ear?
A
- hearing and balance
8
Q
External ear’s fxn in hearing?
A
- pinna/aurical: concave structure that collects and directs sound waves traveling in ear canal
- ear canal: 1.25 in long, inner 2/3 ear canal embedded in temporal bone, outer 1/3 is cartilage.
Ear canal resonates sound waves and increases loudness of tones in 3000-4000 hz range - maintains proper conditions of temp and humidity to preserve elasticity of TM
- contains glands that produce wax and contains tiny hairs which provides added protection against insects of foreign particles from damaging TM
9
Q
Middle ear’s fxn in hearing?
A
- composed of TM and cavity which houses ossicular chain
- TM: divides external and middle ear, very sensitive to sound waves and vibrates back and forth as sound waves strike it
- middle ear cavity: located in mastoid process of temporal bone, extends from TM to inner ear, cavity is an extension of nasopharynx via eustachian tube
- ossicular cahin: helps connect and transmit sound from middle to inner ear, consists of malleus, incus and stapes
- malleus: attached to TM
- incus: lies in middle b/t malleus and stapes
- stapes: footplate inserts into oval window of inner ear
- 2 tiny muscles that attach ossicles: stapedius and tensor tympanic
10
Q
Fxns of ET (eustachian tube)?
A
- air exchange: keeping air pressure on both sides of TM equal
- excretory: drainage for middle ear
- defense: helps in preventing infection
11
Q
Fxns of inner ear in hearing?
A
- composed of cochlea (hearing) and vestibular system (balance)
- both systems have separate fxns but are housed in same area and share same fluid
- cochlea: spiral shaped, composed of 3 fluid chambers, 2 outer chambers filled with perilymph fluid and 3rd chamber in center secretes endolymph, this area is called cochlear duct
- cochlear duct contains basilar membrane which lies organ of corti
- the pitch of the impulses relayed depends on which area of basilar membrane or which portion of organ of corti is stimulated
- apical portion (most curled) transfers lower frequencies and basal end relays higher frequencies
- CN 8 carries impulses to temporal lobe of brain to be interpreted
12
Q
Inner ear’s fxn in balance? 3 components?
A
- vestibular system:
composed of 3 semi-circular canals, helps to maintain balance regardless of head position or gravity in conjunction with eye and somatosensory input - 3 components:
3 semi-circular canals, utricle, saccule - semicircular canals: located at right angles to eachother and to those on opposite of the head, inside each fluid filled canal is sensory receptor (cupula) attached at its base
- head moves, fluid within canals stimulate the cupula and sends impulses to brain about direction and movement
- the utricle and saccule work in similar ways
13
Q
Fxn of nose?
A
- part of resp tract and assists in sense of smell, conditions the air by filtering, warming, moistening, and cleans itself of fbs
- ID of odors
- passageway for inspired and expired air
- humidification, filtration, and warmth of inspired air
- resonance of laryngeal sound
14
Q
Makeup of external nose?
A
- made of bone and cartilage covered with skin
- upper bony part bridge
- rounded lower boarders called ala nasi
- anterior naris are divided by columella
15
Q
Components of nasal cavity?
A
- nares serve as entryway which open posteriorly to nasopharynx
- walls of nasal cavity:
roof - divided into frontonasal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal
floor - consists of palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palantine bone
medial- nasal septum, ethmoid bone, vomer, nasal crest of maxillary and palatine bone
lateral - hallmarked by 3 nasal conchae, which divide nasal cavity into 4 passages that have openings to paranasal sinuses
16
Q
The sinuses?
A
- air filled cavities lined with mucosal membrane with small openings into nasal cavity
- 4 sinuses: maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoid
17
Q
Nerve supply of nose?
A
- infratrochlear and external nasal branches of ophthalmic nerve, infraorbital branch of maxillary nerve (both part of CN 5)
- olfactory nerves pass through cribiform plate
- sensory innervation of nasal cavity from ophthalmic nerve and maxillary nerve
18
Q
Blood supply of nose?
A
- branches of ophthalmic and maxillary arteries
- ala and septum by facial artery
- walls of nasal cavity, branches of maxillary artery
- sphenopalatine artery which anastomoses with branch of superior labial artery
- kiesselbach area: most common area for nose bleeds
19
Q
lymph drainage of nose?
A
- from nasal cavity into submandibular lymph nodes and vessels drain into upper deep cervical lymph nodes
20
Q
How does the nose fxn in protection?
A
- internal nose is covered by vascular mucous membrane that is lined with cilia and mucous secretions
- mucous contains lysozymes
- sneezing throws out particles from the nose
21
Q
Fxn of olfaction?
A
- distinguish b/t sweet, fruity, chemical, peppermint, musky, pungnt, and putrid
- helps to ID food, sensual smells, and warnings of danger (chemicals and spoiled food)
22
Q
Fxn of eustachian tube?
A
- permits nose to equalize pressure of air b/t external atmosphere and middle era
23
Q
Fxn of drainage of nose?
A
- permits drainage of paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
24
Q
Physiology of olfaction? (long)
A
- odorants are chemical compounds that are carried by inhaled air to olfactory epithelium, located in roof of 2 nasal cavities
- olfactory region in humans is small, 50 mill primary sensory receptor cells
- region consists of cilia projecting down through epithelium that is coated in layer of mucus
- mucus produced by bowmans glands that are in olfactory epithelium
- mucus helps transport odorants to olfactory receptors
- each olfactory receptor neuron has 8-20 cilia
- cilia is area where molecular reception with the odorant occurs and sensory transmission starts
- mucus layer is base and consists of basal cells
- olfactory neuron receptors turnover about q 40 days (only nerves that regenerate)
- on opp side of epithelium neuronal cells from axons that are bundled in groups of 10-100 to penetrate ehmoid cribiform plate reaching olfactory bulb - at bulb neurons converge to terminate with post-synaptic cells to form synaptic structures called glomeruli
- these converge into mitral cells
- from mitral cells response increases the sensitivity of olfactory signal to higher levels of CNS in corticomedial amygdala portion of brain
25
Oral cavity fxn?
- begin process of digestion
- chews food and mixes it with saliva
- taste buds on tongue provide sensaton of taste
- impt role in speech
- also used for: breathing, drinking, facial expressions, social interactions
26
3 major salivary glands?
- parotids
- submandibular glands
- sublingual glands
27
parotid gland?
- largest
- located in front of ears
- facial nerve runs through parotid, 5 branches lie within gland (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical)
- stenson's duct - oral cavity
28
Submandibular gland?
- medium size gland
- located behind lower jaw, under chin and tongue
- comes out into oral cavity through wharton's duct
29
Sublingual gland?
- smallest
- located deep in floor of mouth
- enters mouth through small sublingual ducts
30
3 parts of a tooth?
- anatomic crown: portion of tooth covered by enamel
- anatomic root: lower 2/3 of tooth
- pulp cavity: houses dental pulp which includes nerves, arteries, veins and lymph channels
31
Tongue anatomy?
- situated on floor of mouth
- attached by muscles to hyoid bone, mandible, styloid process and pharynx
- impt for taste, mastication, swallowing and speech
- numerous papillae: filiform (no taste buds), fungiform, vallate, and foliate
32
What is a taste bud?
- flask shaped with receptor cells and supporting cells
- each receptor cell lives for 10 days, replaced from basal cell
- receptor cells have microvilli
- base of receptor cell in contact with afferent nerve endings
33
Taste sensation?
- substances must dissolve in saliva before they can stimulate taste receptors
- 5 types of taste sensation:
sweet - sugars, tip of tongue
bitter: alkaloids, harmful, back of tongue
salty: NaCl, front half of each side
sour: acids, posterior half of each side
umami: savory taste
34
Muscles of tongue?
- 8 muscles, 4 intrinsic and 4 extrinsic
35
Blood supply of tongue?
- lingual artery
- sublingual
- deep lingual
- dorsal lingual
36
Lymph drainage of mouth (tongue)?
- deep cervical
- submandibular
- submental
37
Nerve innervation of mouth (tongue)?
sensory:
anterior 2/3: lingual and chorda tympani
posterior 1/3: glossopharnygeal nerve
motor: CN 12 except palatoglossus (CN X)
38
What is the pharynx? consists of what 3 areas?
- pharynx is funnel shaped fibro-muscular tube that forms upper part of digestive and respiratory tracts
- extends from base of skull to level of 6th cervical vertebra
- 3 areas:
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
39
Location and components of nasopharynx?
- opens at choana
- extends from skull base superiorly to soft palate inferiorly
- contains pharyngeal tonsils and eustachian tube
40
Oropharynx components?
- begins where oral cavity ends
- base of tongue forms the floor
- palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches from the lateral wall
- soft palate forms the roof
41
Larnygopharnyx components?
- lies behind larynx
| - walls are formed by thyroid cartilage and middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
42
Muscles of the pharynx?
- external layer: superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles
- inner layer: palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus
43
Blood supply of pharnyx?
- supplied by facial artery, given off the tonsilar branch
- ascending pharyngeal artery
- ascending palatine artery
- dorsalis lingua artery
- greater palatine artery
44
nerve supply of pharynx?
| lymphatic drainage?
- maxillary nerve
- glossopharyngeal nerve
- vagus nerve
- drains into deep cervical nodes
45
Fxn of pharynx?
- swallowing
- breathing
- speech
- equalize pressure in middle ear
- immunity
46
What is the larynx?
- voice box, part of respiratory system that holds the vocal cords
- responsible for producing voice, swallowing, and breathing
- air from lungs pass over stretched vocal cords and vibrations are modified by the tongue, palate, lips to produce speech
- helps protect lower airway
47
cartilage and bone components of larynx?
```
- 3 large cartilages:
cricoid (located at inferior aspect of larynx), thyroid, epiglottis
- 3 smaller:
arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform
- hyoid bone aids in muscle attachment
```
48
Thyroid cartilage?
- largest of laryngeal cartilages
- forms laryngeal prominence known as adam's apple
- v-shaped notch above prominence
49
Epiglottis?
- leaf shaped structure that moves down to form a lid over glottis
- attached by stem to midline innner aspect of thyroid cartilage
- protects from aspiration
50
What are the vocal cords?
- soft tissue that is the main vibratory component
- compromised of epithelium and superficial propia
- vocal ligaments (intermediate and deep laminae propria), and body (thyroarytenoid muscle)
- glottis closes during sound production
51
3 components of vocal cords that form speech?
- voiced sound
- resonance
- articulation
52
Voice mechanism?
- composed of 3 subsystems
- air pressure system
- vibratory system
- resonating system
53
Muscles of the larynx?
- cricothyroid muscles
- posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
- transverse arytenoid muslces
- thyroarytenoid muscles
54
Nerve and blood supply of larynx?
- nerves:
superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal brach of vagus nerve
- blood supply:
superior laryngeal artery (orig from superior thyroid branch of external carotid artery)
inferior laryngeal artery: originates from inferior thyroid branch of thyrocervical trunk (branch of subclavian)
55
Hoarseness of voice is assoc with what?
- lung cancer
| - throat cancer
56
Lymphatics of larynx?
- above vocal cords:
deep cervical lymph nodes
- below vocal cords:
upper tracheal lymph nodes
57
Mandible anatomy?
- begins as 2 bones and fuse at 2 years of life
58
Zygomatic arch consists of what 3 bones?
- maxilla
- zygomatic bone
- temporal bone
- arch serves as origin of masseter muscle
- masseter muscle, temporalis muscle, and lateral/medial pterygoid muscle fxn to elevate the mandible to bite
59
Neck anatomy?
- midline anterior portion is prominence of thyroid cartilage
- below thyroid is cricoid
- b/t cricoid and suprasternal notch, trachea and isthmus to thyroid gland can be felt
- cervical spine: C1-C7
- blood supply: common carotids, external/internal jugular veins
60
What makes up the anterior cervical triangle?
- bounded by midline anteriorly
- mandible superiorly
- SCM inferolaterally
- this triangle is subdivided into 4 small triangles, 2 bellies of digastric muscle superiorly, and superior belly of omohyoid muscle inferiorly
61
Anterior cervical triangle is divided into what 4 small triangles?
- 2 submandibular triangles
- 2 carotid triangles
- 3 muscular or omotracheal triangle
- submental triangle
62
Borders of posterior cervical triangle?
- bounded by clavicle inferiorly
- SCM anterosuperiorly
- trapezius muscle posteriorly
- inferior belly of omohyoid divides triangle into 2 triangles: 1 occipital and 2 supraclavicular
