``` Composed of 22 different bones Protects the brain Supports vision, hearing, taste, & smell Intake of air, food, & fluid Calvaria is top or “skull cap” ```

``` Nasolacrimal canal - Tears enter nasal cavity Optic canal - Optic nerve Superior & inferior fissure - Blood vessels and nerves Palantine bone - Medial wall ```

``` Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Carotid canals Styloid process - Tongue, hyoid,& pharynx muscle Mandibular fossa Vomer - Posterior nasal septum ```

1. Unpaired 2. No direct bony attachment to skeleton 3. Muscle and ligaments attach it 4. Provides attachment point for muscles of tongue and neck

A&P Chapter 7 Flashcards by Macy McKee

Skeleton

Average adult has 206 bones
Number varies and decreases with age
Axial skeleton
- Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
- Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral & pelvic girdles

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Skull

Composed of 22 different bones
Protects the brain
Supports vision, hearing, taste, &amp; smell
Intake of air, food, &amp; fluid
Calvaria is top or “skull cap”

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Skull

Brain case
2 parietal bones
2 temporal 
Frontal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

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Superior View

4 bones are visible
Pair parietal bones
Frontal bone 
Occipital bone
Coronal suture joins parietals to frontal bone
Sagittal suture joins parietal bones
Lambdoid joins parietals to occipital

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Posterior View

Parietals &amp; occipital are visible
Lambdoid suture joins parietals &amp; occipital
External occipital protuberance
- Posterior surface of occipital
- Attachment from ligamentum nuchae
Nuchal lines
- Small ridges
- Attachment point for neck muscles

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Lateral View

Temporal bone
- Contains auditory canal
- Joined to parietal by squamous suture
Mastoid process
- Posterior to the ear that neck muscles attach
Zygomatic
- Cheekbone
Mandible

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Anterior View

Maxilla
- Interior to zygomatic
Orbits
- Nasolacrimal canal
- Optic canal
Nasal cavity
Mandible

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Orbit

Nasolacrimal canal
- Tears enter nasal cavity
Optic canal
- Optic nerve
Superior &amp; inferior fissure
- Blood vessels and nerves
Palantine bone
- Medial wall

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Nasal Cavity

Nasal conchae
- 3 bony shelves to increase surface area
- Moistens and warms inhaled air
Paranasal cavities
- Large cavities to decrease weight
- Act as resonating chambers
- Named for bone they occupy

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Inferior View

Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
Carotid canals
Styloid process
- Tongue, hyoid,&amp; pharynx muscle
Mandibular fossa
Vomer
- Posterior nasal septum

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Hyoid

Unpaired
No direct bony attachment to skeleton
Muscle and ligaments attach it
Provides attachment point for muscles of tongue and neck

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Vertebral Column (functions)

Functions

Supports weight of head and trunk
Protects the spinal cord
Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
Provides site for muscle attachment
Permits movement of head and trunk

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Vertebral Column

Twenty-six bones in adult; 34 in embryo
- 5 fuse to form sacrum
- 4 or 5 coccygeal fuse to form the coccyx
Regions
- Cervical (7 vertebrae)
- Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
- Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
- Sacral  bone (1)
- Coccygeal bone (1)

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Vertebrae

Body
- Weight bearing portion
Arch
- Projects posteriorly from body
Vertebral foramen
- Opening in vertebrae
Vertebral canal
- Contains spinal cord

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Vertebrae

Transverse process
- Extends laterally from arch 
Spinous process
- Projects to posterior
Intervertebral foramen
- How spinal nerves exit spinal cord

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Intervertebral DIsks

Located between adjacent vertebrae
Functions
- Provide support
- Prevent vertebrae rubbing against each other
Consist of
- Annulus fibrosus: external
- Nucleus pulposus: internal and gelatinous
Becomes compressed with age and height decreases
With age, more susceptible to herniation

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Herniated or Ruptured Disk

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Breakage or ballooning of the annulus fibrosus with a partial or complete release of the nucleus pulposus. May push against spinal nerves impairing function and causing pain.

Cervical Vertebrae

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Superior 7 vertebrae
Have small bodies &amp; transverse foramen
Atlas
- 1st cervical vertebrae
- Articulates with skull in “yes” motion
Axis
- 2nd cervical vertebrae
- Allows rotation of atlas in “no” movement
- Modified process called “dens”

Whiplash

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Hyperextension of cervical vertebrae
Occurs when head “snaps back” as a result of sudden acceleration
Commonly occurs in automobile accidents or athletic injuries
Fracture of spinous process or herniated disk
Posterior pressure on spinal cord

Thoracic Vertebrae

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Long, thin spinous processes
Long transverse processes
First 10 have articular facets
Facets on superior & inferior margins of the body connect ribs

Thoracic Vertebrae

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Long, thin spinous processes directed inferiorly
Long transverse processes
Facets on body for articulation with ribs

Lumbar Vertebrae

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Large thick bodies
Heavy, rectangular spinous processes
Number may vary depending on sacrum fusions

Lumbar Vertebrae

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Large thick bodies
Heavy rectangular transverse and spinous processes
Superior articular facets face medially; inferior articular facets face laterally
- Adds strength
- Limits rotation

Sacral Vertebrae

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5 bones fused to form sacrum
Transverse processes fuse
Ala
- Superior surface
 Auricular surface
- Joins sacrum to pelvis
Coccyx
- tailbone

Sacrum and Coccyx

``` Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae - Spinal nerves pass through foramen Coccyx - Tailbone - 3-5 fused bones - Easily broken ```

Rib cage

``` 12 pairs of ribs 7 true ribs - Articulate with sternum 5 false ribs - Do not attach to sternum - Vertebrochondral ribs have common cartilage ```

Sternum

Manubrium - Articulates with first rib and clavicle - Jugular notch superiorly - Sternal angle: point where manubrium joins body. Second rib articulates here Body: third through seventh ribs articulate - Also called gladiolus Xiphoid process: inferior tip

Pectoral Girdle

``` Shoulder girdle Scapula or “shoulder blade” - Acromion process Clavicle or “collar bone” - Sigmoid curve ```

Arm

``` Humerus Surgical neck Greater & lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum: articulates with radius Trochlea: articulates with ulna ```

Arm (Humerus)

``` Head Neck: anatomic and surgical Tubercles: greater and lesser Intertubercular groove Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum: rounded, articulates with radius Trochlea: spool-shaped, articulates with ulna Epicondyles ```

Forearm

``` Radius - Thumb side Ulna - Little finger side Trochlear notch Olecranon: point of elbow Head of ulna: articulates with radius & wrist ```

Forearm (Radius and Ulna)

``` Medial: thumb side Proximal end - Head rotates in radial notch of ulna. - Radial tuberosity: site of biceps brachii insertion Distal end - Articulates with carpals and ulna - Styloid process ```

Wrist

8 carpal bones Proximal row (lateral to medial) - Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, & pisiform Distal row (lateral to medial) - Hamate, capitate, trapezoid, & trapezium

Hand

5 metacarpals attached to carpals Phalanges attach to metacarpals Thumb has 2 phalanges Other fingers have 3 phalanges

Pelvic Girdle

``` Pelvic girdle - Sacrum - Right coxal bone - Left coxal bone Point of attachment for lower limbs Acetabulum - Point where lower limb articulates ```

Coxal Bone

``` Formed by fusion of - Ilium - Ischium - Pubis All three bones join near acetabulum ```

Pelvis Comparison

Male pelvis - More massive Female pelvis - Broader with larger pelvic inlet & outlet

Thigh

``` Femur - Articulates with acetabulum Greater & lesser trochanter - Muscle attachment Medial & lateral condyles - Articulates with tibia Patella or “kneecap” - Sesamoid bone in tendon of quadriceps ```

Leg

``` Part of lower limb between knee & ankle Tibia - Longer and supports most weight - shin Fibula - Does not articulate with femur ```

Foot

``` Talus: articulates with tibia & fibula Calcaneous: heel bone Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid ```

A&P Chapter 7 Flashcards

(40 cards)