A5

Question 1

Range of methods used to collect data

Answer 1

-focus groups
-surveys (open or closed questions, interviews)
Observations
Public databases, journals and articles
Carrying out practical investigations
Official statistics

Question 2

Quantitative data

Answer 2

Is numerical, for example results from a lab experiment

Question 3

Discrete data

Answer 3

Is numerical and can be counted, for example number of patients

Question 4

Continuous data

Answer 4

Is numerical and can be measure for example height,mass,length

Question 5

Qualitative data

Answer 5

Is descriptive, for example a patients medical history

Question 6

Appropriate ways to present data

Answer 6

-tables
-scatter graphs
-line graphs
-bar charts
-histograms
-pie chart

Question 7

Categorical data

Answer 7

Is divided into groups or categories, for example male and female, ethnic group, city or country of residence

Question 8

Surveys

Answer 8

A survey is a good way of gathering information as well as views and opinions

Question 9

Observation

Answer 9

This can be a good way of gathering data about behaviour which explains its widespread use in healthcare and social science or animal behaviour studies

Question 10

Public databases, journals and articles

Question 11

Carrying out practical investigations

Answer 11

Practical investigations in the field of health and healthcare can include lavatory experiments

Question 12

Official statistics

Answer 12

Organisations collect and publish statistics on disease, public health, health protection and health improvement

Question 13

Official statistics public health England include are:

Answer 13

-general public health
-cancer
-cardiovascular disease
-COVID-19
-obesity
-mental health
-sexual health
-chronic disease
-end of life care
-immunisation diseases
-diet and physical activity
-child and maternal health
-cardiovascular disease
-alcohol, drug hse

Question 14

Considerations to make when selecting a range of ways to collect and record data

Answer 14

• data type
• the most appropriate method of data collection
• the most appropriate way to present the information/data
• depth of analysis required
• the intended audience
• storage method

Question 15

Dependent variable

Answer 15

Y axis
A variable that is being measured

Question 16

Independent variable

Answer 16

X axis
A variable that changes

Question 17

Ways to present data

Answer 17

• tables
• graphs and charts (line graph, bar chart, scatter graph, pie chart)

Question 18

When keeping records of written work we must:

Answer 18

• be able to understand the record
• make sure it’s legible
• make sure it contains enough detail
• ensure it’s a faithful, honest and accurate record of what we did

Question 19

Reasons why we must pay attention to detail and accuracy in written information/ data

Answer 19

• it may be necessary to comply with legal requirements I.e GDPR
• we may need to limit liability
• we should be able to provide an accurate account of events
• it will help collaboration in integrated working and data sharing
• it helps to ensure accurate analysis of findings
• it can provide evidence needed in support of audit trails
• to help ensure reproducibility of results

Question 20

Results of investigations includes:

Answer 20

• formulating a clear hypothesis to be tested
• designing an experiment to test that hypothesis
• controlling all variables
• repeating measurements
• performing a statistics, analysis to test the significance of the results

Question 21

Data protection act 2018

Answer 21

Controls the use of personal information by organisations, businesses or the government

Question 22

(DPA 2018) Personal data includes:

Answer 22

• your name
• telephone number
• national insurance number
• home address

Other personal data the Act and GDPR includes are:
- ethnic origin
- sexual orientation
- political opinions
- religious beliefs
- physical and mental health

Question 23

General data protection regulation (GDPR) 2018

Answer 23

It provides a set of principles with which any individual or organisation processing sensitive personal data must comply

Question 24

6 legitimate reasons why an organisation may process your personal data:

Answer 24

• You have given your consent for them to process your data for a specific purpose
• The processing is necessary to fulfil a contract you have entered into
• There is a legal obligation for them to process your data
• The data processing is necessary to protect you or someone else
• Processing is necessary to perform a task in the public interest or for an official function
• Processing is necessary so that the organisation can pursue its legitimate interests

Question 25

GDPR includes a number of rights of individuals for example

Answer 25

- The right to be informed about the collection and use of their personal data - The rights to have access to their personal data - The rights have incorrect personal data corrected or completed if it is incomplete - The right to have personal data erased - The right to restrict the processing of their personal data - The right to data portability so that they can copy or transfer their personal data between different systems - The right to object to processing of personal data

Question 26

The ICO expects organisations to have their own policies in place examples of this include

Answer 26

- Ensuring that data is stored securely - Restricting the use of mobile devices - Preventing potential conflicts of interest

Question 27

How to ensure confidentiality when using screens to retrieve information

Answer 27

- Computer should always have a password protected access - Log out of a system when leaving the screen - Be aware of your surroundings when dealing with personal data - Ensure you have a secure Internet connections

Question 28

Positive use of social media

Answer 28

- Awareness campaigns and disseminating information - Correcting misinformation - Crisis communication and monitoring 

Question 29

Other uses of social media and the health and science sectors include:

Answer 29

- Monitoring public health - Data gathering - Establishing patient support networks - Recruitment - Marketing by commercial and healthcare organisation

Question 30

Restrictions of the use of social media

Answer 30

- Do not post sensitive or personal information about yourself or others - Maintain professional boundaries when interacting with individuals outside the organisation - Don’t share and accurate information

Question 31

The advantages of using IT systems to record, retrieve and store information

Answer 31

- Ease of access, sharing and transferring data - The speed of data analysis - Greater data security - Standardisation of data - The ability to have continuous monitoring of data - Cost and space saving - Integrated working, making for greater collaboration between colleagues

Question 32

Risks of using IT systems to record, retrieve and store information

Answer 32

- Not being secure enough - Data security breaches - Hackers

Question 33

What to do if information is not stored securely

Answer 33

If you find information is not stored securely you must secure the information straight away. This could be by storing the paper document in a file or logging out of a computer. You must then record and report the incident to the designated person. 

Question 34

How security measures protect data stored by organisations

Answer 34

- Controlling access to information - Allowing only authorise staff into specific work areas - Requiring regular and up-to-date staff training and complying with data security - Making regular back ups of files - Using up-to-date cyber security strategies - Ensuring that back up data is stored externally

Question 35

How new technology is applied in the recording and reporting of information and data

Answer 35

- AL/machine learning - Mobile technology and applications - Cloud based systems - Digital information management systems - Data visualisation tools

Question 36

AL/ machine learning

Answer 36

Machine learning is a branch of Artificial learning that uses computers to imitate the ways in which humans learn

Question 37

Mobile technology and applications

Answer 37

Smartphones and high speed mobile data networks such as 4G and 5G mean that devices can be connected to the internet almost anywhere in countries with more developed economies

Question 38

Cloud based systems

Answer 38

Cloud computing means the availability of computers and computer resources especially Santa storage without active management by the user

Question 39

Digital information management systems

Question 40

Data visualisation tools