To determine bowel herniation, you must differentiate it from what?
normal midgut herniation, must ensure it’s in abdomen & not chest
What is considered normal bowel herniation?
Echogenic mass at base of umbilical cord b/w 8-12 wks (small bulge)
What is abnormal bowel herniation?
Herniated liver and intestines
What normal thing can be confused for bowel hernia?
umbilical cord insertion
What is gastroschisis?
bowel protruding from anterior wall on right side of umbilical cord
What is the difference between gastroschisis and omphalocele?
gastroschisis does not have containing sac, is less severe than omphalocele
What is an omphalocele?
Bowel protruding from abdominal wall covered by sac, can contain other organs, highly associated with chromosomal abnormalities
What is Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome?
Group of disorders: omphalocele, macroglossia, macrosomia
What two things are seen with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome?
polyhydramnios and embryonic tumors
What causes limb-body-wall complex?
Amnion & chorion do not separate, amnion cannot cover umbilical cord/insertion because it is fused with chorion (outer sac)
What is limb-body-wall complex?
limbs attach to abnormal places (abdomen/torso), also associated with large cranial defects & facial cleft
Where do limb-body-wall complex abnormalities more commonly occur?
3 times more common on left side
What are symptoms of duodenal atresia & stenosis?
excessive vomiting, failure to thrive
When should the duodenum open during gestation?
End of week 8
When does biliary atresia occur?
2-8 weeks after birth
What is biliary atresia?
Bile ducts do not open after birth
What can cause biliary atresia?
Infection during fetal period
Where are intestinal obstructions MC?
Jejunum and small bowel
What can cause intestinal obstruction to happen?
Stenosis, atresia, malrotation, cystic fibrosis, volvulus
What is a common result of intestinal obstruction?
Poly or oligo, obstruction more distal in GI tract = less severe fluid abnormalities
What is Hirschsprung’s disease?
AKA megacolon, large intestine has too much nerve supply
What is meconium peritonitis?
Peritonitis cause by in utero bowel perforation, bacteria gets into peritoneal cavity
What causes hyperechoic bowel?
Decreased water content or alteration of meconium (can indicate bowel abnormality after birth)
What is the most common congenital defect of GI tract?
Meckel’s diverticulum
