What is the maximum spleen length defined as?
> 13 cm
Splenomegaly can indicate conditions such as portal hypertension, leukemia, or infection.
What are the echogenic wall characteristics of portal veins and hepatic veins?
- Portal veins: echogenic walls
- Hepatic veins: thin walls
These characteristics help in identifying normal landmarks in liver sonography.
List the common pathologies associated with the liver.
- Fatty liver (bright)
- Cirrhosis (nodular)
- Hemangioma (hyperechoic)
- HCC
These conditions can be identified through ultrasound imaging.
What are the signs of portal hypertension?
- Splenomegaly
- Ascites
- Recanalized umbilical vein
These signs are important for diagnosing liver-related conditions.
What are the characteristics of gallstones?
- Echogenic
- Posterior shadow
- Mobile
These features help in diagnosing gallstones during ultrasound examinations.
What are the signs of acute cholecystitis?
- Wall thickness > 3 mm
- Presence of stones
- Pericholecystic fluid
- Positive Murphy sign
These indicators are critical for diagnosing acute cholecystitis.
What is the normal size of the common bile duct (CBD)?
≤ 6 mm (add 1 mm per decade after 60)
This measurement is important for assessing biliary tract health.
What are the anatomical parts of the pancreas?
- Head
- Uncinate
- Body
- Tail
Understanding the anatomy is crucial for diagnosing pancreatic conditions.
What are the signs of pancreatitis?
- Enlarged pancreas
- Hypoechoic appearance
- Fluid collections
These signs are essential for the diagnosis of pancreatitis.
What is the characteristic appearance of a renal cyst?
- Anechoic
- Posterior enhancement
- Thin wall
These features help differentiate renal cysts from solid masses.
What are the signs of hydronephrosis?
- Dilated pelvis
- Dilated calyces
These signs indicate obstruction in the urinary tract.
What is the appearance of renal cell carcinoma?
- Solid mass
- Echogenic
- Shadow
Recognizing these features is important for diagnosing renal cell carcinoma.
What is the normal size of the spleen?
< 13 cm length
Splenomegaly can indicate various medical conditions.
What are the potential trauma-related conditions of the spleen?
- Subcapsular hematoma
- Laceration
These conditions can arise from blunt or penetrating trauma.
