4 D’s of Abnormal:
- Deviance
- Discomfort
- Dysfunctional behaviour
- Dangerous
Deviance?
norm violation (right vs wrong)
The statistical rarity of deviance:
- Normal: within average
- Abnormal behaviour: not in average
Discomfort?
distressing feelings or thoughts or behaviours (ex: OCD)
Dangerous behaviour?
harm to oneself or others
DSM-5 stands for:
American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition)
What is the use of the DSM-5?
System for classifying psychological disorders
In defining psychological disorders: left? mid-left? mid-right? right?
- No disorder
- Mild disorder
- Moderate disorder
- Sever disorder
What are the multidimensional influences of abnormal behaviour? (B, S, EC, B)
- Biological influences
- Social influences
- Emotional and cognitive influences
- Behavioural influences
History of abnormality treatment: (B, V, W, A, TC, MT, ET, MP, D)
- Bloodletting
- Vomit induction
- Witch-hunting (15th c)
- early Asylums (Dark Ages)
- Tranquilizing Chair (Benjamin Rush)
- Moral Treatment (Dorothea Dix)
- Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Modern Perspective treatment
- Deinstitutionalization (1960s)
Modern perspective treatment of abnormal behaviour: (P, B, C)
- Psychoanalysis
- Behaviourism
- Cognitive
5 types of anxiety disorders: (P, G, P, O, P)
- Panic disorders
- General anxiety
- Phobias
- OCD
- PTSD
“A state of excessive feelings of apprehension, uncertainty or fear, resulting from the anticipation of a real or imaginary threatening event or situation” defines:
Anxiety disorders
Anxiety disorders appear in the ______; anxiety system is ____, _____ or _____
extremes; excessive, inappropriate, deficient
Lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders:
15-20%
“Recurrent attacks of severe anxiety; physical symptoms; emotional and behavioural symptoms; sudden in onset, not predictable, confined to situations; free of anxiety between attacks” defines:
Panic disorders
Describe the cognitive perspective of the panic disorder:
Trigger Stimulus = Perceived threat → Apprehension → Body sensations → Interpretation of sensations as catastrophic
The cognitive component of OCD is _____ and the behavioural component is ______
obsessions; compulsions
“Free-floating anxiety; constant worry about past, present, future; may see muscle tension, poor concentration, irritability, sleep disturbance, feeling on edge” describes:
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
“Anxiety invoked by specific circumstances or situations” defines:
Phobias (irrational fear)
Agoraphobia?
Fear of open spaces, crowds or public spaces; difficult to get a place of safety; immediate exit is lacking
Social phobia? (most common – 10%)
Anxiety provoking by social or performance situation
What type of biological factors cause anxiety disorders?
- Genetics
- Hormones
- Neurotransmitters
What are the psychological/cognitive factors that causes anxiety disorders?
- impact of learning
- abuse or Trumatic childhood experiences
- hyper vigilant (over estimation of risk and underestimation of safety)
