1
Q
The “brain” of the computer that processes all instructions.
A
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
2
Q
CPU means?
A
Central Processing Unit
3
Q
Memory where data can be accessed directly (randomly) and quickly, without checking the previous data first. It’s the computer’s temporary workspace.
A
RAM (Random Access Memory)
4
Q
RAM means?
A
Random Access Memory
5
Q
The firmware that handles the basic communication (Input/Output) between the operating system and the hardware during startup.
A
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
6
Q
BIOS means?
A
Basic Input/Output System
7
Q
A processor specialized for accelerating the creation and rendering of images and videos (graphics).
A
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)
8
Q
GPU means?
A
Graphics Processing Unit
9
Q
The type of low-power chip that stores the BIOS settings (like date and time), often powered by a small battery.
A
CMOS (Complementary Metal–Oxide Semiconductor)
10
Q
CMOS means?
A
Complementary Metal–Oxide Semiconductor
11
Q
A storage device using rigid, rotating magnetic disks to store data.
A
HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
12
Q
HDD means?
A
Hard Disk Drive
13
Q
A modern storage device that stores data using flash memory chips (solid state), with no moving parts.
A
SSD (Solid State Drive)
14
Q
SSD means?
A
Solid State Drive
15
Q
An optical disc format for storing digital data.
A
CD (Compact Disc)
16
Q
CD means?
A
(Compact Disc)
17
Q
This is the common size for full-length audio albums and data discs.
A
120 mm (Standard CD)
18
Q
Description: A smaller, round disc, often used for single-track releases (CD singles) or delivering device drivers.
A
80 mm (Mini CD)
19
Q
These are non-standard, rectangular-shaped discs.
A
Business Card CDs
20
Q
Size of a Full-size/Mini-SIM
A
(25 x 15 mm)
21
Q
Size of a Micro-SIM
A
(15 x 12 mm)
22
Q
Size of a Nano-SIM
A
12.3 x 8.8 mm
23
Q
An optical disc that is more versatile than a CD, supporting higher storage capacities for video and other data.
A
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)
24
Q
A serial cable interface standard used to connect storage devices (HDD/SSD) to the motherboard.
A
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
25
A cable and port standard designed to be a universal way to connect peripheral devices using a serial data path.
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
26
A standard for an internal bus (data path) that connects peripheral devices (like sound or network cards) to the motherboard.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
27
A standard for transmitting high-definition video and audio (multimedia) over a single cable.
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
28
An older standard for connecting the computer to a display monitor using analog video signals.
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
29
It is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails. It supplies near-instantaneous power, typically from a battery, to connected equipment like computers, servers, and networking gear. This provides a brief window of time to safely shut down equipment or allow a backup generator to start, preventing data loss, corruption, and hardware damage from sudden outages.
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
30
It is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It acts as a barrier, or filter, between a trusted internal network (like a LAN) and untrusted external networks (like the Internet or a WAN), deciding which data packets to allow or block.
Firewall
31
A device designed to protect electrical devices from voltage spikes. A UPS usually includes surge protection.
Surge Protector
32
The primary function of a UPS, referring to the internal battery that provides power during an outage.
Battery Backup
33
The ability of some UPS types (like Online or Line-Interactive) to stabilize the quality of power, correcting issues like sags (low voltage) and spikes (high voltage) before they reach the connected devices.
Power Conditioning
34
A basic firewall technique that inspects the network layer and transport layer headers of data packets (source/destination IP addresses, ports, and protocols) and applies rules.
Packet Filtering
35
A more advanced firewall technique that keeps track of the active connections and their state, allowing returning traffic for an established connection to pass through without re-inspection.
Stateful Inspection
36
Modern firewalls that include deeper inspection capabilities, such as application awareness (Application Layer inspection), intrusion prevention systems (IPS), and threat intelligence.
Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW)
37
The set of rules configured on the firewall that dictate what traffic is allowed or denied.
Security Policy
38
It is a major technological and societal shift characterized by a fusion of technologies that blurs the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres.
4th Industrial Revolution (4IR)
39
It builds upon the previous digital revolution by integrating technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, cloud computing, and advanced robotics into industrial and societal processes.
4th Industrial Revolution (4IR)
40
The network of physical objects (devices, vehicles, home appliances, etc.) embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange data over the internet.
Internet of Things (IoT)
41
Mechanisms that are controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated with the Internet and its users. They are the backbone of smart factories.
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
42
The process of examining large and varied data sets to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, and other useful business information. This data is generated by the interconnected systems.
Big Data Analytics
43
It is a computer network that interconnects computers and devices within a limited geographic area, such as a home, school, office building, or a group of adjacent buildings. It primarily uses wired connections (like Ethernet cables) for high speed and security, allowing users to share resources like files, printers, and internet access.
LAN (Local Area Network)
44
The most common technology used for wired LANs, defining the physical wiring and data format rules.
Ethernet
45
Networking devices used to connect multiple devices within a LAN, forwarding data packets to their correct destination.
Switch/Hub
46
A common network architecture where client devices (workstations, phones) request resources from a central server device.
Client-Server Model
47
It is a type of LAN that uses wireless communication technology, typically Wi-Fi, to link two or more devices. It provides network connectivity to a defined area without the need for physical cabling, allowing for mobility and easier setup.
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
48
The technology standard (based on the IEEE 802.11 specifications) used to create WLANs.
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
49
A networking device that allows Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network, creating a wireless coverage area (hotspot).
Access Point (AP)
50
The name of the Wi-Fi network that users see when connecting (e.g., "Office-Guest-Wi-Fi").
SSID (Service Set Identifier)
51
A network that covers a broad area, such as a state, country, or the entire world (the Internet is the largest example of a public WAN). LANs and WLANs are often connected to a WAN via a router.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
52
The most basic and common type. The load is powered directly by utility current, and the inverter/battery only kicks in after a failure is detected (a momentary transfer time exists).
Offline/Standby UPS
53
Provides the highest level of protection. It constantly converts the incoming AC power to DC, and then back to filtered AC power for the load. The load is always isolated from the raw utility power, ensuring a seamless, zero-transfer time transition to battery power.
Online/Double-Conversion UPS
54
A mid-range solution that uses a special transformer with a varying number of windings. It can regulate minor voltage fluctuations (sags and surges) without switching to battery power, using a technology called Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR).
Line-Interactive UPS
55
The amount of time a UPS can power the connected equipment (the load) after a power failure. It is inversely proportional to the load's power draw.
Runtime
56
A physical or logical subnetwork that contains an organization's exposed, outward-facing services (like web servers or email servers). The firewall creates a "buffer zone" between the less trusted external network (Internet) and the highly trusted internal network (LAN).
DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)
57
Often integrated into modern firewalls (specifically Next-Generation Firewalls), an IPS actively monitors network traffic for malicious activity and known threat signatures, immediately blocking the traffic upon detection.
Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)
58
A service often performed by the firewall or router. It translates the private IP addresses used within a LAN into a single public IP address for communication on the Internet, conserving public IP addresses and hiding the internal network structure.
Network Address Translation (NAT)
59
A type of firewall that acts as an intermediary, breaking the connection between internal and external systems. All traffic is inspected, and the proxy makes the connection on behalf of the internal client, completely hiding the internal client's identity.
Proxy Firewall
60
A virtual replica of a physical process, product, or system (like a factory floor or a piece of machinery). It is powered by real-time data from the interconnected devices (IoT) to enable simulations, testing, and Predictive Maintenance before changes are made to the physical asset.
Digital Twin
61
Provides the vast, scalable, and decentralized infrastructure necessary to store, process, and analyze the enormous amounts of data generated by the interconnected IoT and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS).
Cloud Computing
62
Processing data close to the source (e.g., on the factory floor) rather than sending it all to the centralized cloud. This is critical for low-latency, real-time decision-making required by autonomous, interconnected systems.
Edge Computing
63
Used in 4IR for human-machine interaction, such as overlaying data onto a physical machine for maintenance instructions (AR) or designing entire factories in a simulated environment (VR).
Augmented Reality (AR) & Virtual Reality (VR)
64
The physical or logical arrangement of the network. Common types for LANs include Star (all devices connect to a central switch/hub) and Mesh (every device is connected to every other device).
Topology
65
The maximum rate of data transfer across a network path. A wired LAN typically has a much higher and more stable bandwidth than a WLAN due to physical cables versus radio frequency interference.
Bandwidth
66
A unique identifier assigned to every network interface card (NIC) on a device. It operates at the Data Link layer and is used to identify the physical source and destination of data packets within the local network (LAN/WLAN).
MAC Address (Media Access Control Address)
66
A device that connects different networks, such as a LAN/WLAN to a WAN (like the Internet). It operates at the Network layer and uses IP addresses to intelligently forward data packets between networks.
Router
High Yield EM 2
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