Rabbits > Abscesses > Flashcards

Abscesses Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What do rabbits have lower levels of that affects pus consistency?

A

Myeloperoxidase

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of pus?

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Bacteria
  3. Cellular Debris
  4. Inflammatory exudate
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3
Q

What is the pyogenic membrane?

A

Layer of pus cells that have not yet autolyzed lining the abscess wall

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4
Q

How does the bacterial capsule wall form?

A

The immune cells form a wall of collagen fiber and blood vessels to separate the pus from the surrounding tissue

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5
Q

What is a mature abscess wall composed of?

A

Fibroblasts and inflammatory cells forming a poorly vascularized capsule wall

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6
Q

Why are chronic abscesses difficult to treat?

A
  1. Poor vascularity for antibiotic delivery
  2. Rigid capsule walls are difficult to collapse leading to residual microorganisms
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7
Q

What are common isolates of rabbit abscesses?

A

Pasteurella multocida, staphylococcus, Fusiformis, Pseudomonas (all can form biofilms)

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8
Q

Why is P. multocida so resistant to antibiotics?

A

Possess a capsular polysaccharide that resists phagocytosis

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9
Q

How do abscesses spread?

A

Hematogenous or Lymphatics

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10
Q

What causes an acute abscess to become chronic?

A

Interleukins cannot penetrate the biofilm and cause further damage to the tissue

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11
Q

Neutrophils from rabbits with a chronic abscess (2 wks) have decreased _____ and _____.

A

Bactericidal capacity and superoxide function

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12
Q

What are Opsonins and why are they important for abscess formation?

A

Antibodies that render rabbits susceptible to phagocytosis. Rabbits with chronic abscess do not/produce less opsonins

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13
Q

What are common methods to diagnose an abscess?

A
  1. Clinical exam
  2. Fine needle aspirates
  3. Radiographs
  4. US
  5. CT
  6. Exploratory surgery
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14
Q

What are the most common bloodwork findings in chronic abscesses?

A

Anemia and Lymphopenia

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15
Q

What are radiographs used to assess in underlying bone?

A

Osteomyelitis

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16
Q

What is the best abscess treatment?

A

Complete excision of the abscess and fibrous capsule

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17
Q

What is the aim of surgical excision of an abscess?

A

To remove as much of the capsule and purulent material as possible while keeping structural integrity

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18
Q

What is a surgical technique for an abscess that cannot be completely excised?

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A

Marsupialization

19
Q

What material can be used to pack an abscess after marsupialization?

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A
  1. SSD
  2. Manuca Honey
  3. PMMA Beads
  4. Calcium Sulfate Beads
  5. AB impregnated collagen sponges
20
Q

What are the basic principles of abscess treatment?

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A
  1. Identify the underlying cause
  2. Remove focus of infection (tooth, FB, bone)
  3. Remove as much capsule, exudate and dead material as possible while maintaining structural integrity
  4. Minimize trauma to surrounding tissue (lavage sparingly)
  5. Antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity
  6. Improving general health status (nutrition, bedding, exercise)
21
Q

When is an apicectomy appropriate?

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A

When there is healthy bone between the gingival margin and the abscess cavity.

22
Q

What is the minimum amount of time antibiotics should be continued after abscess surgery?

23
Q

What are topical treatments for abscesses?

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A
  1. Topical Antibiotics
  2. Sugar
  3. Honey
  4. Dressings (+/- ABs)
  5. Serum
24
Q

What makes honey an effective abscess treatment?

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A
  1. Hygroscopic
  2. Antimicrobial & Antibacterial
  3. Antibiofilm
  4. Promotes wound healing/granulation tissue
  5. Anti-inflammatory
  6. Auto-lytic debridement of the wound
  7. Immunomodulatory properties
25
What is a good first antibiotic choice while waiting for culture results?
Injectable Penicillin
26
What is the most effective dose of enrofloxacin in a rabbit?
10 mg/kg BID
27
What is the most useful tool for cleaning/debriding abscesses?
Volkmann Scoop
28
What is PMMA made of?
High density plastic that does not significantly affect the immune response of the body
29
How do PMMA Beads work?
Bimodal antibiotic release Elution is highest in the first few days, and slows over the next several weeks to months
30
What body parts have highest AB absorption from PMMA beads?
Highly vascular tissues (muscle and granulation tissue)
31
What antibiotics do not elute well from PMMA beads?
Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Tetracyclines
32
Give two advantages of plaster of paris over PMMA
1. Cheaper 2. Absorbable
33
How does PMMA compare to POP in elution rates?
POP has much higher elution rates for the first 48 hours but then experiences a significant decline in comparison to PMMA.
34
What is the best antibiotic option for antibiotic bead placement in rabbits?
Gentamycin
35
How long should PMMA beads be left in place?
Minimum of 4 weeks
36
What is the major drawback of calcium hydroxide for use in abscess treatment?
Causes tissue necrosis (damaging nerves, blood vessels and muscles)
37
Define botryomycosis.
Rare, chronic pyogranulomatous infection
38
What are the clinical signs of botryomycosis?
Skin nodules or abscesses (ventrum, shoulder, perenium, hindlimbs)
39
What was noted on culture of two rabbits diagnosed with botryomycosis?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
40
What is the recommended treatment for botryomycosis?
Surgical excision and antibiotic therapy (1/2 rabbits cured)
41
Describe the modified drainage system to treat a forehead abscess in a rabbit.
A 5 french with additional holes every 0.5-1 cm was sutured into the surgically debrided abscess in a serpentine pattern. A controlled flow electrolyzed acid solution was flushed through the system TID. The tubing system was covered with gauze. A modified tie over system was used to keep the wound open (nylon suture).
42
What percentage of death in rabbits in Tokyo was caused by bacterial abscess?
10%
43
What common isolate from abscesses has high levels of AB resistance?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
44
What sterilization method is effective for removing pasteurella multocida?
Cold Atmospheric Plasma Sterilization (CAPS)
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