1
Q
Accent
A
The way that people pronounce sounds
2
Q
Inventory
A
A list of items. For example, in phonology, a list of the sounds used in a person’s accent
3
Q
Distribution
A
Where a feature is used, within the language inventory of an individual or group
4
Q
Received pronuncation/ non-regional accent
A
A prestige accent associated with high social status, historically based largely on the south East’s of England and London
5
Q
Standard
A
Used or accepted as normal or average. In language study, socially agreed usage that is familiar to most language users
6
Q
Non-standard
A
Different from normal or majority language
7
Q
Phonetic alphabet
A
An alphabet designed for transcribing the sounds of all the world’s languages
8
Q
Covert prestige
A
Status gained from peer group recognition, rather than public acknowledgement
9
Q
Overt prestige
A
Status that is publicly acknowledged
10
Q
Self-reported usage
A
People describing their own language use (as opposed to being recorded using language)
11
Q
Isogloss
A
A geographic boundary indicating where certain items of language are used
12
Q
Matched guise technique
A
An experimental technique where a single actor puts on a different accent for audiences but keeps the content of the speech the same
13
Q
Estuary English
A
A recent accent variety used in south east England which combines RP with some aspects of regional southern accents. “Estuary” refers to the Thames Estuary area.
14
Q
Multicultural London English
A
A recent variety combining elements of the language of different ethnic groups, particularly Afro-Caribbean English. The variety arose in London but has spread to different parts of the UK.
15
Q
Which accents were judged the top 3 most attractive?
A
1) Southern Irish
2) RP
3) Welsh
16
Q
Which accent was judged as the least attractive?
A
Birmingham
17
Q
Giles
A
- Matched-guise technique
- Involves participants listening to the same speaker using a range of different accents and then passing judgements on each different variant
- 2 groups of teenagers rated RP speaker higher than Birmingham accent in terms of competence and intelligence
18
Q
Dixon, Mahoney, Cocks (2002)
A
- Used “matched-guise” approach to see if there was a correlation between accent and how we perceive someone’s guilt
- Participants listened to dialogue between a policeman and a suspect
- Suspect was perceived to be significantly more likely to be guilty when he spoke with the non-standard Birmingham accent over a more standard form
19
Q
Nevliep and Speten-Hansen (2013)
A
- Used “matched guise” to research attitudes from an ethnocentric viewpoint
- Participants asked questions to deduce how ethnocentric they were (e.g. my culture should be the role model for the world)
- Participants were split into 2 groups and each watched a video of the same male speaker
- First video he spoke with a “non-native” accent with no detectable regional, ethnic or national associations
- Second video spoke with standard American accent
- Had to rank for attractiveness and credibility
- Ethnocentric gave lower ratings to non-native speaker
20
Q
Choy and Dodd (1976)
A
Teachers make judgements on a student’s ability and their personality based on the way they speak
21
Q
Which accent was considered “worse than staying silent” (Hannah Furness - journalist)
A
Brummie accent
22
Q
A reason why there is negative assumptions about the Birmingham accent
A
Flat vowels e.g. pronunciation of “pie” as “poi”
23
Q
Paul Coggle “the stereotypes are the living reminders…”
A
“Of Britain’s continuing class system”
24
Q
Peter Trudgill quotes (Accent)
A
“RP speakers are perceived as soon as they start speaking as haughty and unfriendly by non-RP speakers”
“Children with working class accents and dialects may be evaluated by some teachers as having less educational potential”
25
Howard Giles (1973) death penalty talks
- Teenagers rated RP argument more impressive than those in regional accents but it was also seen as posh and snobby
- Those who listened to the regional accent speech were more likely to have been persuaded to change their minds than listeners to the RP speech
26
Seligman, Tucker and Lambert (1972)
Teachers’ perceptions of students were heavily influenced by their speech
27
Which accent is the friendliest in the UK?
Geordie
- Most likely to put you in a good mood
- f.Sitel Company Survey of more than 2,000 people across the uk
28
An example of downward convergence
Someone with an RP accent “toning down” their accent to speak to someone with a “lower class” accent
29
An example of upward convergence
Someone with a “working class” accent trying to eliminate some of the stronger regional features of their speech for a job interview with an RP speaker
30
Mutual convergence
Where both participants in a conversation converge towards each other
31
John Honey (1997)
- Regional dialects should be discouraged - most linguists disagree
- Standard English is superior to all other dialects and children should be taught that this is true if they are to succeed in life
32
William Labov Martha’s Vineyard Study (1963)
- Focused on dialectology in Martha’s Vineyard (an isolated island only accessed by boat or air)
- Labov was interested in the pronunciation of two diphthongs (/au/ and /ai/)
- Interviewed 69 people from different social groups (age, occupation, ethnicity)
- Asked the participants specific questions which would encourage them to uses words that contained these vowels. Participants were not aware of what he was looking for or researching
- In a small group of fishermen, people between the ages of 31 and 45 and up-islanders all pronounced the diphthongs differently
33
Watt (2005)
- Dialect levelling case study - Newcastle
- Others accommodate towards these new accent forms due to their ‘social attractiveness’
- They didn’t wish to show disloyalty to their geographical area by showing massive variation
- They avoided certain variants or marked features of the Geordie dialect, whilst adopting some features not linked to their dialect
- Motivation for linguistic changes came from young speakers who wanted to dispel the ‘cloth, cap and clogs’ image and sound more like modern northerners
34
Malcom Petyt (1985)
- Bradford dialect case study
- Study into the socio-economic variable associated with h-dropping e.g. ‘at’ instead of ‘hat’
- People with upward social mobility were more likely to alter their accent and dialect to conform more towards RP
- h-dropping was more likely the lower the socio-economic class
35
Sharma (2011)
- Showed how individual speakers altered the frequency of Indian and British variants depending on who they were speaking to
- Sharma found that the younger speakers did not adjust their speech so much, arguing that there is perhaps less need to do so due to the different social environment in which they have grown up
- Participants recorded their daily speech to avoid the artificial situation of an interview
Anwar (41 yo)
- 100% Indian when speaking to a Sri Lankan maid
- 100% British when speaking to a ‘cockney’ mechanic
- Perhaps he felt the need to be able to adapt socially and linguistically in order to fit into a society that was hostile to immigrants
Anwar had a wide ethnolinguistics repertoire
36
Penny Eckert
- White varieties of English are categorised into various regional dialects
- Non-white varieties tend to be bundled together as ethnolects, ignoring any possible variation they might show
- In USA, ‘the White Anglo variety’ is considered a regional dialect while African American and Latino varieties are considered ethnic dialects
37
Kara Becker
- Agrees with Penny Eckert
- Too often we prioritise ethnicity when describing and explaining linguistic differences between groups of speakers ignoring other aspects
- African American English (AAE) - ‘Its very name captures a variety defined by ethnic identity’ (2014)
- This name is despite well-established fact that not all African Americans use AAE and not all AAE speakers are African American
38
What do they call a bread roll in Yorkshire?
Stotty
39
What do they call a bread roll in Scotland?
Morning roll
40
Examples of banned phrases at Colley Lane school
They was
Somefink
I ain’t
Woz
Gonna
41
Quotes from Colley Lane School
‘It’s all about getting these children ready for that job interview when they can hold their own with people from across the country’
‘We value the local dialect but are encouraging children to learn the skill of turning it on and off in different situations’
42
What did parents accuse the teachers of doing to their kids?
‘De- Black Countrying’
43
Which accents can be traced back to the Anglo Saxons?
Brummie and Geordie
44
Words used in South London
Bare (lots of)
Calm (positive)
Bredrin (good friend)
45
Possible causes of dialect levelling
- Lesley Milroy (2002) argues that increased geographical mobility leads to the ‘large-scale disruption of close-knit, localised networks that have historically maintained highly systematic and complex sets of socially structured linguistic norms
- Paul Kerswell thinks its due to an increase in social mobility leading to ‘the consequent breakdown of tight knit working class communities’
46
Paul Kerswill’s Milton Keynes Study
https://aggslanguage.wordpress.com/2009/09/20/dialect-levelling/#:~:text=Kerswill%20investigated%20the%20changes%20in,one%20caregiver%2C%20usually%20the%20mother.
- Dialect levelling (Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull)
- Interviewed local residents of different ages and studied their pronunciation of certain speech sounds
- His participants were generally children aged 4, 8 and 12 as well as one caregiver (usually the mother)
- Recordings were from specific tasks given to the children such as quizzes or from playground speech
- Milton Keynes was viewed as a town with high social and geographical mobility.
- Milton Keynes - Parents spoke with a variety of regional accents , Children spoke like their parents for the first 4 years and the shifted to
- Kerswill found that there was a gradual move among adolescent, southern speakers towards the more standardised , less localised variation of speech as social
47
Malcom Petyt (1985) Bradford H-dropping study
- Focused on the omission of the phonological variable /h/
- Tried to show the link between h-dropping and class
- Lower working class - 93% of frequency of h-dropping
- Upper middle class - 12% of frequency of h-dropping
- People of a lower social class are more likely to use h-dropping
48
Phonological features of RP
- H-retention – /h/ is always pronounced in initial positioning in words like ‘house’.
- Non-rhoticity – Not pronouncing the /r/ at the end of words like ‘mother’.
- Conservative vowels – sounds like they ‘ought to’.
49
What type of prestige does RP have?
Overt prestige
50
Approximately what percentage of the population use RP?
About 2%
51
A way to describe RP (an __________ construct)
An artificial construct
52
Case study of George Osbourne
- Whilst in his role as Chancellor, Osbourne was seen to drop his RP accent and use an accent closer to Estuary English when speaking to workers.
- He used things like ‘kinda’ and ‘Briddish’ instead of ‘kind of’ and ‘British’.
- He was seen to be using his RP again in Parliament
53
AC Gimson
Argued in 1962 that there were times that RP could be a decided disadvantage, especially in social situations where empathy and affection are needed.
54
Jonathan Harrington (Queen’s speeches)
Investigated the Queen’s accent over 50 years of her Christmas speeches and believes that her accent has started to move towards a general Southern English accent.
55
Trudgill found that
As social class decreases, regional variation increases
56
The process of traditional dialectal words dying out
Lexical attrition
57
Examples of Cockney rhyming slang
Telling porky pies = telling lies
Brown bread = dead
58
Who coined the term Cockney rhyming slang
David Rosewarne
59
Features of Estuary English
- Glottal stop (missing out the ‘t’ in the middle of words like ‘butter’).
- The dark l (/ɫ/) – pronouncing ‘l’ sounds with an ‘ulll’ sound.
- The /aʊ/ (ow) pronunciation in words like mouth closer to /eə/ (air) in words like hair.
- TH-fronting – pronouncing the ‘th’ words with an ‘f’ sound. For example, ‘thing’ becomes ‘fing’.
60
An example of a celebrity who uses MLE
Stormzy
61
Evaluation of Petyt (1985) Bradford study (h-dropping)
+ Direct link between class and dialect
+ Quantitative data supports conclusions
- Focus on class may ignore race, gender, or regional pride
- Assumes RP is the norm
62
Evaluation of dialect levelling - Paul Kerswill
+ Explains erosion of traditional dialects in urbanised areas
+ Grounded in real data and recently migration patterns
- Risk of viewing levelling as a negative process (loss vs evolution)
- Less relevant to rural areas where dialect remains strong
63
Evaluation of Estuary English - David Rosewarne (1984)
+ Describes real-world hybridisation of accents
+ Reflects social mobility and changing prestige
- Hard to define precisely - lacks linguistic boundaries
- Not all linguists agree it is a distinct accent
64
Evaluation of the matched guise technique (Giles)
+ Reveals societal attitudes and biases
+ Can isolate accent from other social factors
- Artifical method - real conversations are more complex
- Accents may still carry assumptions of ethnicity or class
English Language Paper 2
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
-
Glossary54
-
Critics/quotes For Language Change35
-
Theorists/theory For Language Change36
-
Examples For Change73
-
Diversity Glossary25
-
Social Groups/identity Theorists33
-
Examples For Gender34
-
Gender58
-
Accent And Dialect64
-
Gender Glossary26
-
Occupation Glossary36
-
Occupation examples and theory26
-
Ethnicity41
-
Sexuality18
-
Technology15
