Acid-Base

Question 1

pH

Answer 1

potential of the H+ ion
- concentration of H+ in a solution

Question 2

As H+ increase, so does…

Answer 2

acidity (pH decreases)

Question 3

What can acids do?

Answer 3

Donate H+

Question 4

Bases properties

Answer 4

• fewer H+
• accept H+ and give up OH-

Question 5

How do strong and weak acids act in solution?

Answer 5

• dissociate fully in solution (give up all H+)
• weak acids dissociate partially

Question 6

Hydrogen ion properties

Answer 6

• maintain cell wall
• part of H2O
• help with enzyme activity
• help with enzyme production
• part of sugar, starch, fats, and protein–energy production

Question 7

normal pH

Answer 7

7.35-7.45

Question 8

How is pH measured?

Answer 8

in blood serum

Question 9

Most acidic part of the body

Answer 9

stomach; HCl–damaging outside of the stomach

Question 10

Which other body parts help control gastric acid?

Answer 10

LES protects eso
Duodenum neutralizes it

Question 11

What does pH affect?

Answer 11

hormones, oxygen transport and delivery, electrolytes (esp K, and Na, Cl) enzymes fxn (work w/i a narrow pH range)

Question 12

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 12

Curve for basing O2 partial pressure on Hgb O2 saturation (O2 sat with pulse ox)
- more basic, hgb holds on to oxygen more tightly and does not give it to the tissue
- more acidic, hgb gives up oxygen more readily (we prefer this if had to choose)

Question 13

pH that is incompatible with life

Answer 13

Under 6.8 or over 7.8

Question 14

Volatile acids

Answer 14

• can be converted to gas
• excrete/elim by lungs
• carbonic acid and CO2

Question 15

What does carbonic acid help with?

Answer 15

Helps the lungs to expel CO2

Question 16

Non-volatile (fixed) acids

Answer 16

• can’t be converted to a gas
• lactic, phosphoric, sulfuric, acetoacetic, beta-hydroxybutyric
• elim by kidneys (except lactic)

Question 17

How is lactic acid excreted

Answer 17

Met by the body esp liver and kidney
- can be reconverted if oxygen is given back to tissue
- byproduct of anaerobic metabolism

Question 18

Phosphoric acid fxn

Answer 18

Works with Ca to to form strong bones

Question 19

Sulfuric acid fxn

Answer 19

Produced by pro met

Question 20

Acetoacetic acid

Answer 20

made by the liver

Question 21

beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Answer 21

• inc with exercise, calorie restriction, fasting
• diagnostic of DKA

Question 22

What things change pH

Answer 22

MANY
- ingested food and drink
- metab of lipids and pros
- cell metab waste products (CO2)

Question 23

Survivable range of pH

Answer 23

7.2-7.5/6
- want to avoid alkalosis bc harder to fix

Question 24

How is acid-base balance maintained?

Answer 24

With buffers, respiratory system, renal system

Question 25

Buffers

Answer 25

- chems in the body that combine with acid or base to change pH - accept or release H - almost instant - short lived

Question 26

3 main buffer systems

Answer 26

Bicarbonate, phosphate, protein buffers (hgb)

Question 27

Bicarbonate (carbonic acid) buffer

Answer 27

- main ECF buffer - Co2 produced in cell metab combines with H20 to form carbonic acid - carbonic anhydrase in lungs, kidneys, etc b/d carbonic acid

Question 28

What does carbonic acid break into in the lungs?

Answer 28

H20 and CO2

Question 29

What does carbonic acid break down into in the kidneys?

Answer 29

H and HCO3

Question 30

Inc CO2 pushes the equation...

Answer 30

towards bicarb (more acid, more H+)

Question 31

Phosphate buffer

Answer 31

- ICF buffer (main) - can't measure what is there - picks up a H+ to balance

Question 31

Excess H+ pushes the equation towards...

Answer 31

H20 and CO2

Question 32

Protein buffers

Answer 32

- most pros are buffers - carboxyl group (COOH) is a weak acid that gives up H (AAs and acetic acid) - amino group accepts H+ (both carboxyl and amino group, ammonia NH3) - Hgb included (picks up CO2 cellularly)

Question 33

Cellular compensation

Answer 33

Cells like a neutral charge - H+ and potassium (K+) in the cell - When person is acidic, H+ moves into the cell and K moves out (neutrality restored) - process reverses when pH is corrected but if kidneys are working, they will excrete excess K so you can have a depletion of K

Question 34

Respiratory buffer mechanisms

Answer 34

- body makes CO2 which helps make carbonic acid in the lungs primarily - exhalation excretes carbonic acid - chx rate/depth of breath which affects amount of CO2 exhaled - rate/depth dec if more alkalotic to retain CO2 - does not affect fixed acids like lactic

Question 35

Kidneys buffer system mech

Answer 35

- elim large amt of bases and acid except carbonic - can conserve and make bicarb ions to balance pH - most effective regulator of pH - if kidneys fail, pH balance fails - need normal fxn of kidneys to work; if not, need daily bicarb

Question 36

Main controller of carbonic acid

Answer 36

Lungs

Question 37

How quick does resp compensation occur?

Answer 37

minutes to hours

Question 38

How quick does renal compensation occur?

Answer 38

hours to days

Question 39

If acidotic, kidneys will respond how?

Answer 39

by inc reabs or bicarb (and making new) and inc secretion of H+ into the urine to raise the pH

Question 40

If alkalosis, kidneys will respond how?

Answer 40

by dec bicarb reabs and dec H+ into urine which lower pH

Question 41

What is compensation?

Answer 41

Attempt by body to return to homeostasis

Question 42

Compensation with a metabolic problem

Answer 42

Respiratory compensation: hypovent or hypervent (conserve or excrete CO2)

Question 43

Compensation with a resp problem

Answer 43

met compensation with renal sys by reabs HCO3 or excreting HCO3

Question 44

Patho of acid-base homeostasis with acidois

Answer 44

acidosis stim brain and arterial receptors RR inc blood CO2 dec carbonic acid dec pH inc