VM 529 - Urinary System I > Acid/Base > Flashcards

Acid/Base Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is the normal concentration of Hydrogen ions H+ in the body?

A

40 nmol/L

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2
Q

What is the normal pH range for the body?

A

7.35 – 7.45 (Average 7.4)

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3
Q

A change of 0.3 pH units represents what change in [H+]?

A

A factor of 2 (the concentration is either doubled or halved)

more acidic change will be doubled.

more basic change would be halved

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4
Q

What are the extreme pH limits for compatibility with life?

A

Below 6.8 or Above 7.8

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5
Q

What is the difference between the suffixes -emia and -osis?

A

-emia refers to the state of the blood (e.g., Acidemia);

-osis refers to the process or pathogenesis occurring in the body.

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6
Q

Which can the body handle better: Alkalosis or Acidosis?

A

The body can handle Alkalosis more than Acidosis.

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7
Q

↓

A

↑

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8
Q

What are the 4 simple acid-base disturbances?

A

Metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis.

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9
Q

In Metabolic Acidosis, what are the primary changes to pH and HCO3-?

A

pH decreases (↓)

HCO3- decreases (↓)

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10
Q

In Metabolic Alkalosis, what are the primary changes to pH and HCO3-?

A

pH increases (↑)

HCO3- increases (↑)

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11
Q

In Respiratory Acidosis, what are the primary changes to pH and PaCO2?

A

pH decreases (↓)

PaCO2 increases (↑)

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12
Q

In Respiratory Alkalosis, what are the primary changes to pH and PaCO2?

A

pH increases (↑)

PaCO2 decreases (↓)

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13
Q

What is the general rule for the direction of a compensatory change relative to the primary disturbance?

A

The compensatory change is always in the same direction as the primary disturbance.

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14
Q

What is the primary goal of compensation in acid-base disturbances?

A

To minimize changes in pH and bring it back toward the normal range.

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15
Q

What is the expected compensation for Metabolic Acidosis?

A

Decrease PaCO2 (↓) via hyperventilation

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16
Q

What is the expected compensation for Metabolic Alkalosis?

A

Increases PaCO2 (↑) via hypoventilation

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17
Q

What is the expected compensation for Respiratory Acidosis?

A

Increase HCO3-(↑) via renal reabsorption/generation.

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18
Q

What is the expected compensation for Respiratory Alkalosis?

A

Decrease HCO3- (↓) via renal excretion.

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19
Q

What are the three mechanisms of acid-base compensation in order of speed (fastest to slowest)?

A
  1. Chemical Buffers
  2. Respiratory System
  3. Renal System
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20
Q

How quickly do chemical buffers act, and what is their primary role?

A

They act in seconds; they are already present in tissues to handle minor changes.

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21
Q

How long does respiratory compensation take to begin, and what degree of shifts can it handle?

A

It acts within minutes and can handle mild to moderate acid-base shifts.

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22
Q

What is the primary method the renal system uses to compensate for acid-base imbalances?

Study These Flashcards
A

It regulates Bicarbonate (HCO3-) to combat hydrogen losses or gains.

23
Q

How long does the renal system take to respond and reach full effectiveness?

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A

It starts within hours but can take up to 5 days to complete its process.

24
Q

Which compensation mechanism is considered the most permanent?

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A

The Renal system.

25
What response would you expect for metabolic acidosis?
Hyperventilation
26
What is the definition of a buffer?
A solution containing substances that minimize changes in pH when an acid or base is added to it.
27
Which four buffers are primarily found in the blood
1. Bicarbonate 2. Hemoglobin 3. Plasma proteins 4. Phosphate
28
What is the primary mechanism of Respiratory compensation for metabolic disorders?
A rapid change in ventilation (increasing or decreasing the rate/depth of breathing).
29
What are the two main ways the Renal system compensates for acid-base disturbances?
1. Bicarbonate reabsorption 2. Hydrogen ion excretion
30
True or False: The blood has a very limited and slow buffering capacity.
False. The blood has a huge and immediate buffering capacity.
31
Where does Bicarbonate Reabsorption (Recycling) primarily occur in the nephron?
In the proximal tubule.
32
What percentage of filtered HCO3- is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
Approximately 80%.
33
Does Bicarbonate Reabsorption (Recycling) result in a net gain of bicarbonate for the blood?
No; it results in no net gain (it simply recovers what was filtered). what goes in must go out
34
What ions must be secreted into the tubular lumen to facilitate Bicarbonate Reabsorption?
Protons H+ .
35
Where does Bicarbonate Regeneration primarily occur?
In the distal tubule.
36
What is the net result of Bicarbonate Regeneration for the bloodstream?
A net gain of bicarbonate.
37
Bicarbonate Regeneration is coupled with the excretion of which two substances?
Acid (titratable acidity) and Ammonium (NH4+).
38
Do all of the renal responses (bicarbonate recycling, bicarbonate regeneration (ammonium and phosphate)) involve proton secretion into the tubular lumen?
Yes
39
In the distal tubule, how do phosphate and ammonia aid in acid-base balance?
They act as buffers by binding to secreted H+ in the lumen, allowing for acid excretion and bicarbonate regeneration.
40
Describe the process of Ammonia buffering in the distal tubule.
Amino acids break down into NH3+, which binds to H+ in the lumen to form Ammonium (NH4+) for excretion.
41
What is the "bonus" result of the ammonia buffering process for the blood?
It regenerates an intracellular HCO3- molecule, providing a net gain of 1 bicarbonate to the blood.
42
Why is phosphate buffering less available than ammonia buffering?
Because most phosphate is already reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, leaving less in the distal tubule to act as a buffer.
43
How does Phosphate buffering work in the distal tubule?
H+ in the lumen binds with phosphate (NaHPO4) to form NaH2PO4, which is then excreted.
44
How does the body adapt its distal tubule bicarbonate regeneration during times of increased need?
The mechanism must increase its activity (e.g., as a compensatory response to respiratory acidosis).
45
Under what physiological conditions does bicarbonate regeneration occur?
It happens in health (baseline) and scales up during acid-base disturbances.
46
What is the relationship between respiratory acidosis and renal bicarbonate handling?
Respiratory acidosis triggers the kidneys to increase bicarbonate regeneration in the distal tubule to compensate for the low pH.
47
What are the renal responses to Acid-base imbalance?
1. Bicarbonate recycling 2. Bicarbonate regeneration (ammonium and phosphate)
48
Which part of the nephron is responsible for bicarbonate regeneration?
The Distal Tubule.
49
What is the proper terminology for blood pH <7.4?
Acidemia referring to blood (emia)
50
What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of H2CO3 into its components?
Carbonic anhydrase
51
In an acute metabolic acidosis, what is the expected compensation?
Decreased CO2 How would the body respond? hyperventilation. CO2 acts as an acid in the blood, the body wants to blow off that "acid", CO2.
52
In which segment of the nephron is most of the bicarbonate reabsorbed?
Proximal tubule 80%
53
Of the three major mechanisms of bicarbonate reabsorption, which one results in no net increase in bicarbonate of the bloodstream?
Proximal Tubule reabsorption
VM 529 - Urinary System I
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