What is the incidence rate of Cerebral Palsy?
1 in 400 births
Cerebral Palsy is a permanent non-progressive condition affecting movement and posture.
Name the types of Cerebral Palsy based on topography.
- Tetraplegia
- Diplegia
- Hemiplegia
- Dystonic or dyskinetic or athetoid
These classifications help in understanding the extent and type of motor impairment.
List the motor manifestations of Cerebral Palsy.
- Random uncontrolled movements
- Abnormal tone: hypotonia
- Stiffness
- Floppiness
- Balance and coordination problems
- Dysphagia
- Symptomatic epilepsy
- Communication and learning difficulties
These symptoms can vary widely among individuals.
What are the pathophysiological causes of Cerebral Palsy?
- Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
- Abnormal brain development
- Intracranial bleeding
- Middle cerebral artery occlusion (prenatal)
- Maternal infection (prenatal)
- Cortical malformations prenatal
Conditions like rubella and cytomegalovirus can contribute to these causes.
True or false: 15% to 50% of individuals with Cerebral Palsy experience seizures.
TRUE
The incidence of seizures can rise to 71% if there is a co-existing learning disability.
What are the treatment options for Cerebral Palsy?
- Physiotherapy
- Speech Therapy
- Occupational Therapy
- Medications for muscle stiffness (e.g., Diazepam, Baclofen)
- AEDs (many require polytherapy)
These therapies aim to improve quality of life and functional abilities.
What is Hippocampal Sclerosis commonly associated with?
Medically intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE)
It is characterized by selective neuronal loss and altered expression of neurotransmitters and receptors.
List the symptoms of Hippocampal Sclerosis.
- Simple partial seizures
- Epigastric auras
- Fear
- Déjà vu
- Language impairment
- Complex partial seizures
- Secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Symptoms can vary in severity and presentation.
Define Cerebral Vascular Disease (CVD).
Any abnormality of the brain resulting from a pathological process of the blood vessels
Examples include cerebral hemorrhage, infarction (stroke), and arteriovenous malformation.
What are the risk factors for Cerebral Vascular Disease (CVD)?
- Age
- Gender
- Hypertension
- Lifestyle (saturated fats)
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Family history
- Pre-existing vascular disease
These factors can significantly increase the likelihood of developing CVD.
What is the most common type of Cerebral Vascular Disease?
Infarction (Stroke)
It leads to a reduction or loss of blood and oxygen supply to the brain, causing cell death.
What is Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)?
Bleeding into the subarachnoid space around the surface of the brain
Causes include trauma, rupture of a berry aneurysm, or arteriovenous malformation.
What are the symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis?
- Seizures
- Focal neurological deficits
- Movement disorders (50-70% patients)
- Dystonia
- Parkinsonian features
The disease has a high mortality rate and is caused by a mosquito-transmitted virus.
What is the classic triad of symptoms for a Brain Abscess?
- Headache
- Fever
- Focal Neurologic Deficit
Seizures may also occur, presenting as focal or generalized.
What are the types of Brain Herniation?
- Subfalcine
- Transtentorial
- Uncal
- Tonsillar
Herniation can occur due to mass effect from space-occupying lesions.
What is the role of EEG in post-traumatic epilepsy?
- Detect post traumatic seizures
- Continuous monitoring for subclinical seizures
- Serial assessment of posttraumatic epilepsy
EEG is crucial for managing and diagnosing seizure activity after brain injury.
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PSG29
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MSLT21
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Narcolepsy23
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Sleep Apnoea20
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REM Parasomnias17
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NREM Parasomnias11
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Seizure Semiology14
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Acquired Epilepsy Pathologies16
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Congenital Epilepsy Pathologies17
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CTS & Ulnar Neuropathy29
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Embryology46
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Anatomy of CNS54
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Anatomy of PNS35
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Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum37
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Cortical Origin of the EEG35
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HMSN, CMT and MG/LEMS24
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Movement Disorders/Parkinson's disease38
