Acute Inflammation

Question 1

What 6 things cause Acute Inflammation?

Answer 1

• Micro-organisms
• Mechanial trauma to tissue
• Chemical changes
• Extreme physical conditions
• Dead tissue
• Hypersensitivity

Question 2

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 2

• Rubor (redness)
• Calor (heat)
• Loss of function
• Tumor (swelling)
• Dolor (pain)

Question 3

Aetiology of acute inflammation?

Answer 3

• pathogenic organisms
• trauma
• chemical (acid/alkali or misplaced bile/urine)
• physical conditions (sunburn, frostbite, radiation)
• Dead Tissue irritates adjacent tissue
• Hypersensitivity

Question 4

Whats microcirculation?

Answer 4

• Capillary beds fed by arterioles & drained by venules.
• Extracellular space & fluids/molecules in it.
• lymphatic channels & drainage

Question 5

Pathogenesis of acute inflammation:

Answer 5

• changes in vessel radius (flow)
• Changes in vessel wall permeability (exudation)
• neutrophil movement from vessel to extracellular space

Question 6

Whats the triple response?

Answer 6

Flush. Flare, Wheal.

Question 7

What are the 3 types of vessel radius change?

Answer 7

1) Transient arteriolar constriction
2) local arteriolar dilation
3) Smooth muscle relaxation

Question 8

Why increase local blood flow?

Answer 8

To cause rubor & calor

Question 9

What causes vessel permeability change during acute inflammation?

Answer 9

Local chemical mediators (chemokines) produce a leak in the endothelium

Question 10

What are the effects of increased vessel permeability?

Think exudation

Answer 10

net movement of plasma fluid & protein from capillaries to extracellular space. (exudation) Includes immunoglobulin & fibrinogen

Question 11

What is the effect of exudation?

Answer 11

Oedema
Accumulation of fluid in extravascular space.
exaplins swelling, pain & reduced function.

Question 12

How does increased permeability effect flow?

Answer 12

It slows it down because of increased viscosity. Stasis.

Question 13

In short what are the 3 stages of neutrophil movement from the vessel to the extravascular space

Answer 13

Margination
Pavementing
Emigration

Question 14

What is margination?

Answer 14

Nuetrophils move to the endothelial aspect of lumen.

Normal in centre of vessel.

Question 15

What is pavementing?

Answer 15

Neutrophils adhere to endothelia

Question 16

What is Emigration?

Answer 16

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelia to outside tissue

Question 17

What type of neutrophil is most important in inflammation?

Answer 17

Neutrophil Polymorphonuclear leukocyte

Question 18

What are the steps of the ideal outcome of acute inflammation?

Answer 18

• Inciting agent isolated & destroyed
• macrophages come from blood & phagocytose debris.
• epithelial surfaces regenerate
• exudate filters off
• vessels return to normal

Question 19

Benefits of acute inflammation?

Answer 19

• Rapid resposne to a non-specific insult
• Cardinal sings protects inflamed area
• neutrophils destroy organisms & denature antigen for macrophages
• localised by plasma proteins

Question 20

Results of systemic infection?

Answer 20

Septicaemia
Bacteraemia
Toxaemia

Question 21

Possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 21

• Resolution (ideal)
• Suppuration (Pus forming)
• Organisation
• Chronic inflammation