Acute responses

Question 1

Muscular acute responses ( 6)

Answer 1

• increased blood flow
• increased muscle temp
• imcreased muscle enzyme activity
• increased motor unit and fibre recruitment
• increased O2 supply and use
• Depleted muscle energy stores

Question 2

cardiovascular acute responses ( 6)

Answer 2

• Increased VO2-Diff
• redistribution of blood flow
• increased blood pressure
• increased cardiac output
• increased stroke volume
• increased Heart Rate

Question 3

Respiratory acute responses ( 4)

Answer 3

• increased respiratory frequency
• increased tidal volume
• increased ventilation
• increased oxygen uptake

Question 4

Acute responses def

Answer 4

the body’s immediate, short term responses that lasts only for the duration of the training or exercise session and for the short time periods ( recovery ) afterwards

Question 5

(AR) Increased Heart Rate def

Answer 5

cardiovascular

• Is the number of times the heart beats or contracts per minute

Question 6

resting heart rate

Answer 6

number of heartbeats per minute while the body is at rest
- average of 70 beat per min for an adult

Question 7

maximum Heart rate

Answer 7

highest heart rate value achieved in an all out effort to the point of exhaustion

Question 8

How to calculate HR

Answer 8

220- Age

Question 9

Anticipatory response

Answer 9

When the heart rate rises above resting values just before the start of exercise (release of adrenaline )

Question 10

( AR) increased stoke volume def and plauto rates

Answer 10

is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each beat (contraction) of the heart.

Plateaus at:
untrained - 110-130ml
trained - 110-150ml.
highly trained - 160-220ml

Question 11

increased stroke volume general info-

Answer 11

• females have lower then males at both resting and during exercise due to smaller heart size
• trained athletes have higher stroke volumes then untrained athletes

Question 12

mechanisms responsible for increased stroke volume

Answer 12

• increased venous return to the heart stretching the left ventricle resulting in more forceful contraction
• vasodilation- is the process whereby blood vessels increase their internal diameter as a response to an increased demand for oxygen delivery to muscle tissue

Question 13

(AR)Increased Cardiac output ( Q)

Answer 13

is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart per minute

Q = HR x SV

Question 14

(AR) increased blood pressure

Answer 14

is the pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls as it is forced forced through the circulatory system by the action of the heart
- 2 compnents systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure

BP= systolic
————– mmHg
diastolic

Question 15

systolic blood pressure

Answer 15

is the blood pressure recorded as blood is ejected during the contraction phrase of the heart cycle. it is the higher of the two blood pressure values

Question 16

dyastolic blood pressure

Answer 16

is the blood pressure recorded during the relaxation phrase of the heart cycle. It is the lower of the two blood pressure values.

Question 17

Valsalva maoeuvre

Answer 17

occures when an individual attempts to exhale while the mouth, nose and glottis ( part of the larynx) are closed

Question 18

redistribution of blood flow to working muscles

Answer 18

increases blood flow to working skeletal muscles through vasodilation. Reduced blood flow to less active organs ( liver and kidney) through vasoconstriction.

Question 19

Increased arteriovenous oxygen difference.
a-VO2 diff

Answer 19

is the measure of difference in the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood and the concentration of oxygen in the venous blood

measured in millilitres per 100 millilitres of blood.

can increase almost a threefold threshold over the value at rest.

during exercise working muscles extract much more of the available oxygen from the blood that passes through them

Question 20

( AR) increased Respiratory Frequency DEF

Answer 20

is the number of breaths taken per minute

caused by an increase in carbondioxcide concentration in the blood

Question 21

(AR) increased Tidal volume

Answer 21

is the amount of air breathed in and out in one breath

• increases from 0.5L per breath to 3-5 Litres

Question 22

(AR) increased Ventilation

Answer 22

is the amount of air inspried or experired per minute by the lungs .
V= RF x TV

TV and Ventilation are greater in males due to larger lungs

Question 23

(AR) Increased pulmonary diffusion.

Answer 23

is the process where oxygen is taken in via the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide is diffused from the blood to the lungs

• gaseous exchange takes place from alveolar to pulmonary capillaries

Question 24

(AR) Increased oxygen uptake ( VO2)

Answer 24

is the amount of oxygen transported to, taken up by and used by the body for energy production?

Question 25

maximum oxygen uptake ( VO2 max)

Answer 25

is the maximum amount of oxygen per minute that can be transported to, taken up by and used by the body for energy production. no further increase in oxygen uptake cna be achieved ( highest point on graph)

Question 26

Maximum oxygen uptake factors

Answer 26

- body size - gender - genetics - age - training status ( aerobic or cardiorespiratory fitenss level)

Question 27

Body size

Answer 27

a larger, heavier body requires more oxygen Thaen a smaller person thats why expressed realitve to body size in mL/KG/min

Question 28

Gender

Answer 28

females have lower oxygen uptake compared with similara age and athleticism females tend to have higher percentage of body fat and body fat does not consume oxygen

Question 29

genetics

Answer 29

aerobic capacity is largely determined by genetics

Question 30

Age

Answer 30

Max oxygen uptake declines with increasing age peaking during late adolescents

Question 31

training status ( aerobic or cardiorespiratory fitness level)

Answer 31

aerobic traiing increases max oygen uptake valves for both males and females

Question 32

oxygen deficit

Answer 32

is the period of time at the start of exercise where oxygen demand exceeds the oxygen supply. During oxygen deficit the body must obtain ATP from anaerobic assistance necessary adjustment involve:] - increased RR - increased TV - increased HR - Increased SV

Question 33

steady state

Answer 33

is the state in which oxygen demand and supply are equal so all the ATP required ATP to maintain the current exercise intensity is supplied aerobically

Question 34

Excess Post exercise Oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Answer 34

is the amount of oxygen consumed during the recovery period after the cessation of an exercise bout that is over and above the amount usually required during rest.

Question 35

(AR) increased motor unit and muscle fibre recruitment

Answer 35

an increase in motor unit recruitment so that more muscle fibres are activated to contract. THe greater the force or efort, the greater the number of motor units recruitment and muscle fibres activated

Question 36

(AR) increased blood flow to the muscles

Answer 36

the demand of the muscles for oxygen leads to vasodilation of the capillaries and redistribtuion of blood form the internal organs ( liver) to the working skeletal muscles

Question 37

(AR) Increased arteriovenou oxygen differnce