Adaptive immunity

Question 1

what is immunological memory

Answer 1

• the ability of the immune system to “remember” and mount a more rapid and efficient response to a pathogen upon subsequent exposures.
• is the basis for the effectiveness of vaccines and provides long-lasting protection against infectious diseases. Immunological memory is a key reason why individuals who have previously been exposed to a pathogen or vaccinated against it are often less likely to develop severe illness upon re-exposure.
  mediated by: memory B cells and memory T cells

Question 2

descibe the pathway of T-cells from generation to differentiation

Answer 2

• generated in bone marrow
• moves into lymphoid to become progenator cells
• migrates to thymus to obtain Tcell receptor
• migrates to lymph node for differentaition

differentiation refers to the type of glycoprotein the T cell has. all T-cells are CD3+, and then they have a subset based on function
- helper Tcells = CD4+
- cytotoxic T cells are CD8+
- T regulatory cells

there are also 2 T helper cells (1/2). 1 is for intracellular pathogens and 2 is for extracellular pathogens. they secrete different cytokines and have different characteristic cytokines

Question 3

describe the role of the T cell in adaptive immunity

Answer 3

T helper cells (Th1, CD4+) + dendritic cell and antigen activate cytotoxic T cell (CD8+) to kill virally infected or damaged body cells

immune response doesnt involve antibodies

Question 4

describe the pathway of a Bcell from generation to differentiation

Answer 4

• bone marrow
• lymphoid progenator cells
• progenator B cell
• migrates to lymph and differentiates

Question 4

describe the role of a B cell in adaptive immunity

Answer 4

T helper cells (Th2) and antigen presenting cells (including antigen) leads to antigen processing with Th cell support, leading to B cells differentiating to memory or plasma cells

Question 5

describe the structure and function of T cell receptors

Answer 5

• a T cell receptor is a protein complex that transmits info from outside the cell to the inside
• the receptor binds with MHC 1 or MHC 2 receptors on other cells (antigen presenting cells)
• MHC 2 links to humoral immunity
• MHC 1links to cytotoxic cells
• in order for recognition to occur, it mus be the correct specific receptor to present the antigen to the T HELPER CELL.

Question 6

Describe the structure and function of B cell receptors

Answer 6

• B cells receptors are known as surface immunoglobin (Ig)
• they are UNIQUE to B cells
• have antigen binding cites (constant and variable regions)

Question 7

how do B cells change receptors

Answer 7

• antigen recognition induces expression of effector molecules by T cell, which activates the B cell
• B cell proliferates
• differentiation to resting memory cells (with B cell receptor) and antibody secreting plasma cells

Question 8

name the types of B cell receptors

Answer 8

pneumonic: GAMED
- IgG (in serum)
- IgA (mucosal)
- IgM (eary stage)
- IgE (allergy)
- IgD (differentiation)