Adaptive immunity

Question 1

Where do T cells mature?

Answer 1

Thymus gland

Question 2

What is the function of B cells?

Answer 2

Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Question 3

What is the function of helper T cells?

Answer 3

Secrete cytokines that activate other immune cells

Question 4

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 4

Directly kill infected cells and tumour cells

Question 5

Describe 3 ways in which antibody binding to an antigen can aid in the removal / destruction of pathogens.

Answer 5

Block a pathogen from causing harm

Mark a pathogen for phagocytosis (opsonisation)

Activate the complement system

Question 6

Which feature of antigens means that different antibodies can bind to separate parts of the same antigen?

Answer 6

Epitopes

Question 7

What is clonal selection?

Answer 7

When B cells proliferate to produce clones of identical cells

Question 8

Which cells are needed for the activation of B cells?

Answer 8

Helper T cells

Question 9

What is the cell surface protein of cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 9

CD8+

Question 10

What is the cell surface protein of helper T cells?

Answer 10

CD4+

Question 11

What is the function of TH1 cells and what do they activate?

Answer 11

Secrete cytokines (interferon-y)

Activate virally infected cells, macrophages, and other T cells

Question 12

What is the function of TH2 cells and what do they activate?

Answer 12

Secrete cytokines (interleukins)

Activate B cells

Question 13

T cell receptors are composed of which 2 chains?

Answer 13

Alpha chain
Beta chain

Question 14

On which cells are Class I MHC proteins found?

Which cells recognise Class I MHC proteins?

Which type of antigens to Class I MHC proteins present?

Answer 14

Most cells

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

Intracellular antigens

Question 15

Where are the peptides presented on MHC Class I proteins derived from?

Answer 15

Cell cytoplasm

Question 16

Where are the peptides presented on MHC Class II proteins derived from?

Answer 16

Ingested material

Question 17

What is the function of regulatory T cells?

Answer 17

Downregulate immune responses

Question 18

B cells transform into what when activated?

Answer 18

Plasma cells

Question 19

When B cells are activated to become plasma cells, which organelle dramatically increases in size?

Answer 19

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 20

Which type of bonds hold the light and heavy chains of antibodies together?

Answer 20

Disulphide bonds

Question 21

What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood?

Answer 21

IgG

Question 22

What is the first immunoglobulin produced during infection?

Answer 22

IgM

Question 23

During an infection, which type of antibody class switching occurs?

Answer 23

IgM to IgG

Question 24

Antigens bind to which region of T cell receptors?

Answer 24

Variable domain (part alpha chain, part beta chain)

Question 25

Which complex which aids in activation is associated with T cell receptors?

Answer 25

CD3 complex

Question 26

On which cells are Class II MHC proteins found? Which cells recognise Class II MHC proteins? Which type of antigens to Class II MHC proteins present?

Answer 26

Antigen-presenting cells CD4+ helper T cells Extracellular antigens

Question 27

Antigens bind to which region of Class I MHC proteins?

Answer 27

Alpha subunits

Question 28

Antigens bind to which region of Class II MHC proteins?

Answer 28

Alpha and beta subunits

Question 29

CD8 and CD4 proteins bind to which region of MHC proteins?

Answer 29

Non-variable domain