Pilot Ground Knowledge - Commercial > ADM > Flashcards

ADM Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of aviation accidents are attributed to human factors?

A

80%

Human factors are a significant contributor to aviation accidents.

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2
Q

What are the two most common phases of flight where accidents occur, and their respective percentages?

A
  • Landing: 24.1%
  • Taking off: 23.4%

These phases account for a majority of aviation accidents.

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3
Q

Define Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM).

A

A systematic approach to risk assessment and stress management

ADM is crucial for safe flight operations.

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4
Q

What does Crew Resource Management (CRM) involve?

A

Effective use of all available resources: human resources, hardware, and information

CRM facilitates crew cooperation and improves decision-making.

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5
Q

List the steps for good decision making in aviation.

A
  • Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight
  • Learning behavior modification techniques
  • Learning how to recognize and cope with stress
  • Developing risk assessment skills
  • Using all resources
  • Evaluating the effectiveness of one’s ADM skills

These steps enhance decision-making capabilities.

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6
Q

What is the goal of Risk Management in aviation?

A

Proactively identify safety-related hazards and mitigate the associated risks

Effective risk management is essential for flight safety.

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7
Q

What are the steps in the Risk Management Process?

A
  • Identify Hazards
  • Assess Risks
  • Analyze Controls
  • Make Control Decisions
  • Use Controls
  • Monitor Results

This process helps manage risks effectively.

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8
Q

What are the Four Fundamental Principles of Risk Management?

A
  • Accept no unnecessary risk
  • Make risk decisions at the appropriate level
  • Accept risk when benefits outweigh dangers (costs)
  • Integrate risk management into planning at all levels

These principles guide effective risk management.

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9
Q

What is Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)?

A

Managing all resources available to a single pilot to ensure successful flight outcomes

SRM includes various management aspects to enhance safety.

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10
Q

List the components included in SRM.

A
  • Risk Management (RM)
  • Task Management (TM)
  • Automation Management (AM)
  • Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) awareness
  • Situational Awareness (SA)

These components are essential for single-pilot operations.

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11
Q

Define Hazard in the context of aviation.

A

Real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters

Understanding hazards is crucial for safe flying.

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12
Q

Define Risk in aviation.

A

An assessment of the single or cumulative hazards facing a pilot

Different pilots may perceive hazards differently.

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13
Q

What is the antidote for the hazardous attitude of Anti-Authority?

A

Follow the rules. They are usually right.

“Don’t tell me”

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14
Q

What is the antidote for the hazardous attitude of Impulsivity?

A

Not so fast. Think First.

Taking time to think can prevent rash decisions.

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15
Q

What is the antidote for the hazardous attitude of Invulnerability?

A

It could happen to me

Recognizing personal risk is vital for safety.

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16
Q

What is the antidote for the hazardous attitude of Macho?

A

Taking chances is foolish

This attitude can lead to unnecessary risks.

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17
Q

What is the antidote for the hazardous attitude of Resignation?

A

I’m not helpless. I can make a difference.

Empowering oneself can improve safety outcomes.

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18
Q

What does NTSB stand for?

A

National Transportation Safety Board

The NTSB is responsible for investigating transportation accidents and making safety recommendations.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of a Risk Matrix?

A

To assess the likelihood of an event and consequence of event

It helps in evaluating potential risks in various scenarios.

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20
Q

Define the likelihood of an event in risk assessment.

A
  • Probable: an event will occur several times
  • Occasional: an event will probably occur sometimes
  • Remote: an event is unlikely to occur, but is possible
  • Improbable: an event is highly unlikely to occur

These categories help in understanding the probability of risk events.

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21
Q

What are the severity levels of an event?

A
  • Catastrophic: results in fatalities, total loss
  • Critical: severe injury, major damage
  • Marginal: minor injury, minor damage
  • Negligible: less than minor injury, less than minor system danger

Severity levels help in assessing the impact of potential risks.

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22
Q

What does IMSAFE stand for in mitigating risk?

A
  • Illness
  • Medication
  • Stress
  • Alcohol
  • Fatigue
  • Emotion

IMSAFE is a checklist to evaluate personal fitness for flying.

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23
Q

What does PAVE represent in risk management?

A
  • Pilot in command: experience, recency, currency, physical, and emotion
  • Aircraft: familiarity, operation limitations, fuel, capabilities
  • enVironment: weather, terrain, airport, airspace, time of day
  • External pressures: passengers, qualifications, get there-it is, goal completion

PAVE is a tool for assessing risks related to flying.

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24
Q

What are personal standard operating procedures (SOPs) used for?

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A
  • Allow time on a trip for an extra fuel stop or unexpected landing
  • Have alternative plans
  • Leave early for important trips
  • Manage passenger expectations

SOPs help mitigate external pressures during flights.

25
What fields does **human factors science** encompass?
* Psychology * Engineering * Industrial design * Statistics * Operations research * Anthropometry ## Footnote Human factors science is crucial for designing safe and effective systems.
26
What is the goal of applying **human factors** research?
To produce safe, comfortable, and effective human use ## Footnote It involves understanding human abilities and limitations for better design.
27
What qualities should **pilots** possess?
* Safety conscious * Industrious * Cooperative ## Footnote These qualities contribute to effective and safe piloting.
28
Successful pilots have the ability to _______.
concentrate, manage workloads, and monitor and perform several simultaneous tasks ## Footnote These skills are essential for handling the complexities of flying.
29
What are the **5 P’s** in the decision-making process?
* Plan * Plane * Pilot * Passengers * Programming ## Footnote The 5 P’s serve as go/no go criteria at various stages of a flight.
30
What does the **3 P’s Model** stand for?
* Perceive * Process * Perform ## Footnote This model is a continuous approach for every Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) made.
31
Fill in the blank: The **3 P’s Model** includes perceiving hazards using the **_______** checklist.
PAVE ## Footnote PAVE stands for Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, and External pressures.
32
What does the **CARE Checklist** evaluate?
* Consequences * Alternatives * Reality * External pressures ## Footnote The CARE checklist is used to review hazards and evaluate risks.
33
What are the components of the **TEAM Checklists**?
* Transfer * Eliminate * Accept * Mitigate ## Footnote TEAM checklists are used for performing risk management.
34
What are the **three timeframes** of risk management processing?
* Strategic * Deliberate * Time-critical ## Footnote Each timeframe serves a different purpose in managing risks.
35
What is the first step in the **DECIDE Model**?
Detect ## Footnote The DECIDE Model outlines steps for responding to changes during flight.
36
True or false: The **DECIDE Model** includes a step for evaluating the effects of the action taken.
TRUE ## Footnote The last step in the DECIDE Model is to evaluate the effects of the action.
37
What does the **PAVE Checklist** identify?
* Pilot * Aircraft * enVironment * External pressures ## Footnote The PAVE checklist helps in identifying hazards and personal minimums.
38
What is the purpose of the **Deliberate** timeframe in risk management?
Identify hazards, assess risks, and develop controls for planning operations ## Footnote This timeframe uses experience and brainstorming.
39
What are the **internal resources** used in aviation?
* Passengers (right seat) * Solo verbal communication * Checklists and charts * POH ## Footnote Internal resources help in maintaining situational awareness and managing tasks during flight.
40
What are the **external resources** available in aviation?
* ATC * FSS * Maintenance * Other pilots on frequency ## Footnote External resources provide additional support and information for pilots during flight operations.
41
Define **Situational Awareness (SA)** in aviation.
Accurate perception and understanding of all factors within the five fundamental risk elements: flight, pilot, aircraft, environment, and type of operation ## Footnote Maintaining SA is crucial for safe flight operations.
42
What are some **obstacles** to maintaining Situational Awareness?
* Fatigue * Stress * Work overload ## Footnote These factors can impair a pilot's ability to perceive and respond to aviation situations effectively.
43
What is **workload management** in aviation?
Ensures essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload ## Footnote Techniques include stopping, thinking, slowing down, and prioritizing tasks.
44
What does managing risks in aviation begin with?
Preparation ## Footnote Effective risk management is essential for safe flight operations.
45
What is included in the **SAFTEY** list for passenger briefing?
* S – Seatbelts * A – Air vents * F – Fire extinguisher * E – Exit doors * T – Traffic * Y – Your questions ## Footnote The SAFTEY list ensures passengers are informed about safety measures during the flight.
46
What should be covered in a **passenger briefing**?
* SAFETY * Use a sterile flight deck * Smoking prohibited * Flight route altitudes * Time en route * Destination weather * Expected weather at destination * Controls and their functions * General capabilities and limitations of the aircraft ## Footnote A thorough briefing enhances passenger safety and awareness.
47
What is the purpose of a **sterile flight deck**?
Completely silent with no communication from departure to immediate altitude clearance and during arrival from the first radar vector approach or descent ## Footnote This practice minimizes distractions during critical phases of flight.
48
What are the five hazardous attitudes?
* Anti-Authority “Don’t tell me” * Impulsivity “Do it quickly” * Invulnerability “It won’t happen to me” * Macho “I can do it” * Resignation “What’s the use”
49
What does **likelihood of an event** refer to?
Determining the probability of its occurrence ## Footnote This concept assesses how likely an event is to happen.
50
What are the four terms of event likelihood?
*Probable: An event will occur several times *Occasional: An event will probably occur sometimes *Remote: An event is unlikely to occur, but is possible *Improbable: An event is highly unlikely to occur ## Footnote This indicates a high likelihood of occurrence.
51
Provide an example of assessing **likelihood** in aviation.
Flight in marginal visual flight rules (MVFR) encountering potential instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) ## Footnote This involves assessing forecasts and the experience of the pilot.
52
What does **severity of an event** refer to?
The impact or consequences of the event ## Footnote This concept evaluates how serious the outcomes of an event are.
53
What are the **four severity levels** of an event?
* Catastrophic: Results in fatalities, total loss * Critical: Severe injury, major damage * Marginal: Minor injury, minor damage * Negligible: Less than minor injury, less than minor system danger ## Footnote Severity levels indicate the impact of an event, ranging from fatalities to minor injuries.
54
What does **IMSAFE** stand for in mitigating risk?
* Illness * Medication * Stress * Alcohol * Fatigue * Emotion ## Footnote IMSAFE is a checklist to assess personal fitness for flying.
55
What does the **PAVE** acronym represent?
* Pilot in command – experience, recency, currency, physical, and emotion * Aircraft – familiarity, operation limitations, fuel, capabilities * enVironment – weather, terrain, airport, airspace, time of day * External pressures – passengers, qualifications, get there-it is, goal completion ## Footnote PAVE is a risk assessment tool for pilots to evaluate factors affecting flight safety.
56
List the components of **Managing External Pressures**.
* Personal standard operating procedures (SOPs) * Allow time for extra fuel stops or unexpected landings * Have alternative plans * Leave early for important trips * Manage passenger expectations ## Footnote These strategies help mitigate the impact of external pressures on flight safety.
57
Define **Human factors science**.
Psychology, engineering, industrial design, statistics, operations research, and anthropometry ## Footnote Human factors science aims to design systems and services that accommodate human capabilities and limitations.
58
What are the key traits of **successful pilots**?
* Safety conscious * Industrious * Cooperative * Ability to concentrate * Manage workloads * Monitor and perform several simultaneous tasks ## Footnote These traits contribute to effective flight operations and safety.
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