What is Emerging Adulthood?
- a new area of study as a result of the change in Western society
- delays in marriage and parenthood.
- Lengtheir education
- Barriers to Financial Independence
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Development
- Posted dilemmas to different ages; is it ok to steal medicine to save someone’s life?
- Focus on reasoning rather than overt behaviour
- 3 levels of moral development, each divided into 2 stages
Define Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder
As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world.
What are the stages of Adolescence Development?
- Preconventional level: Younger children; Think in terms of external authority
* Stage 1 - Punishment-obedience orientation = right or wrong is determined by what is punished
*Stage 2 - Instrumental-hedonistic = right or wrong is determined by what is rewarded - Conventional level: Older children; See rules as necessary for social order
* Stage 1 - Good-child orientation = right or wrong is determined by close other’s approval or disapproval
* Stage 2 - Law and order orientation = right or wrong is determined by social rules & laws, which should be obeyed rigidly - Postconventional level: During adolescence; Working out a personal code of ethics. Rules are seen as less rigid.
* Stage 1 - Social Contract orientation = right or wrong is determined by society’s rules, which are fallible rather than absolute
* Stage 2 - Universal ethical principle = right or wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasise equality and justice
State the 8 stages of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
- Trust vs Mistrust (Infancy, 1-2 years)
- Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt ( Early childhood, 2-4 years)
- Initiative vs Guilt ( Preschool age, 4-5 years)
- Industry Vs Inferiority ( School age, 5-12 years)
- Identity vs Role Confusion ( Adolescence, 13-19 years)
- Intimacy vs Isolation (Early Adulthood, 20-40 years)
- Generativity vs Stagnation ( Adulthood, 40-65 years.
- Ego Integrity vs Dispair ( Maturity, 65 - death)
Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Recall vs Recogniton memory
There is a decline in recall memory but recognition memory stays relatively intact or has a slower rate of decline
Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Hippocampal volume change has been associated with memory performance
Alzheimer’s disease
An incurable illness that destroys neurons in the brain and can cause dementia.
Fluid intelligence
Refers to processes of reasoning and ability to think flexibly, this typically decreases with age
Crystalized intelligence
Refers to the accumulation of knowledge or skills, this typically does not decrease with age
