What neurotransmitter is released at sympathetic neuro-effector junctions?
Noradrenaline (NA)
What are the two main types of adrenergic receptors?
Alpha (α) and Beta (β)
What is the main difference between alpha and beta receptors?
Alpha = Adrenaline-loving, causes constriction (tightening).
• Beta = Isoprenaline-loving, causes relaxation/stimulation (faster heartbeat, open lungs).
What happens when the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is activated?
Your heart rate and blood pressure increase, airways and pupils widen, and blood is redirected away from the digestive organs toward the muscles for action.
What are adrenergic agonists also called?
Sympathomimetic drugs.
How do sympathomimetic drugs work?
They mimic the effects of the SNS by stimulating adrenergic receptors.
What are α/β agonists (e.g. adrenaline) used for?
Emergency asthma, anaphylactic shock, cardiac arrest.
What are α/β agonists (such as adrenaline) used for?
They are used in emergencies such as asthma attacks, anaphylactic shock, and cardiac arrest.
What is the mechanism of action of α/β agonists?
They act as direct sympathomimetics, stimulating post-synaptic adrenergic receptors.
What is an α1 selective agonist, and what is it used for?
Phenylephrine is an α1 selective agonist used as a nasal decongestant by directly stimulating post-synaptic α1 receptors.
What is an α2 selective agonist, and what is it used for?
Clonidine is an α2 selective agonist used to treat hypertension by indirectly reducing sympathetic activity through pre-synaptic inhibitory α2 receptors.
What are β1 selective agonists used for?
Drugs like dobutamine and prenalterol increase heart rate and contractility and are used in heart failure and cardiogenic shock.
What are β2 selective agonists used for?
Drugs like salbutamol and terbutaline cause bronchodilation and are used to treat asthma.
What are adrenergic blocking agents also called?
sympatholytic drugs
How do adrenergic blocking agents work?
They prevent noradrenaline from activating adrenergic receptors.
What are α-blockers used for, and what are their side effects?
Drugs like prazosin and phenoxybenzamine are used for hypertension, phaeochromocytoma, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Side effects include postural hypotension and drowsiness
What are β-blockers used for, and what are their side effects?
Drugs like propranolol and timolol are used for hypertension, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, angina, and glaucoma. Side effects include bronchoconstriction, heart failure, hypoglycemia, fatigue, depression, and cold extremities.
What are β1-selective blockers, and why are they preferred for some patients?
Acebutolol and atenolol are β1-selective blockers used for hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias.
They are preferred for asthmatic or allergic patients because they do not affect the lungs.
Why are β1-selective blockers safer for people with asthma?
They do not block β2 receptors, so they do not cause bronchoconstriction.
Which receptor is targeted in the treatment of heart failure?
The β1 adrenergic receptor is the main target in heart failure treatment.
What is a potential side effect of non-selective β-blockers?
Non-selective β-blockers can cause increased bronchial constriction.
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Anti-hypertensives40
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Regulation Of Cardiovascular Function20
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Anti-platlets And Anti-coagulants23
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Renal System & Diuretics19
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Angina & Dyslipidema29
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PHARMACODYNAMICS35
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PHARMACOKINETICS51
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Automatic Nervous System12
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Adrenergic Modulators21
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Cholinergic & Anti-Cholinergic Drugs24
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Respiratory/Asthma Drugs17
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Medications19
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Flashcards From Notes51
