1
Q
Maturation
A
Unfolding of a biologically determined sequence of behavior patterns, including readiness to master new abilities.
2
Q
Lifespan Development
A
Concept of development as a lifelong process of adaptation.Lifelong, function of history and context, multidimensional, multidirectional, and pliable/plastic.
3
Q
Multidirectional
A
Development can result in both increases and decreases, at varying rates, within the same person, age period, or category of behavior.
4
Q
Multidimensional
A
Development can affect multiple capacities or aspects of a person. Personality, intelligence, and perception can be changing at the same time.
5
Q
Plasticity
A
Modifiability of performance. It is possible to improve functioning throughout the life span, though there are limits on how much a person can improve at any age.
6
Q
History and Context
A
People develop within a physical and social context, which differs at different points in history. Individuals not only respond to their context but also interact with and actively influence it.
7
Q
Multiple Causality
A
Development has multiple causes. Because no single perspective can adequately describe or explain the complexities of development, the study of lifespan development requires cooperative, multidisciplinary efforts of scholars from many fields.
8
Q
Ageless Self
A
Perception that the self remains the same despite chronological aging and physical change.
9
Q
Chronological Age
A
Count of how many times an inhabitant of this planet has orbited the sun.
10
Q
Functional Age
A
Measure of how well a person can function in a physical and social environment as compared with other people of the same chronological age.
11
Q
Gerontologists
A
Scientists who study aged people and the aging process.
12
Q
Biological Age
A
Measure of how far a person has progressed along a potential life span; predicted by person’s physical condition.
13
Q
Social Age
A
Depends on how closely behavior conforms to the norms, expectancies, and roles a person of a certain chronological age is expected to play in society.
14
Q
Normative Age-Graded Influences
A
Biological and environmental influences on development that are highly similar for people in a given age group.
15
Q
Normative History-Graded Influences
A
Biological and environmental influences on development that are common to a particular cohort.
16
Q
Cohort
A
Group of people who share a similar experience.Ex. Growing up at same time in the same place.
17
Q
Nonnormative Life Events
A
Unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives.
18
Q
Bioecological Approach
A
Bronfenbrenner’s system of understanding development, which identifies five levels of environmental influences, from most intimate to broadest.Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
19
Q
Microsystem
A
Everyday environment of home, school, work, or neighborhood.
20
Q
Mesosystem
A
Interlocking of various microsystems - linkages between home and school, work and neighborhood.
21
Q
Exosystem
A
Linkages between a microsystem and outside systems or institutions that affect a person indirectly. How does community’s transit system affect job opportunities?
22
Q
Macrosystem
A
Overarching cultural patterns, such as dominant beliefs, iideologies, and economic and political systems.
23
Q
Chronosystem
A
Adds the dimension of time: change or constancy in the person and the environment.
24
Q
Ageism
A
Prejudice or discrimination, usually against older persons, based on age.
25
Geriatrics
Branch of medicine concerned with treating and managing diseases related to aging.
26
Productive Aging
Concept that older persons are potentially unlimited contributors to the goods, services, and products available for themselves and for society.
27
Influences on Development and Aging
Heredity, environment, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, socioeconomic status, lifestyles, family constellations, presence or absence of physical or mental disabilities.
28
Social Convoy Theory
Changes in social contact typically affect only a person's outer, less intimate social circles.
29
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Older adults become increasingly selective about the people with whom they spend their time.
30
Triangular Theory of Love
Sternberg's theory that the relative presence or absence of three elements of love - intimacy, passion, and commitment - affects the nature and course of a relationship.
31
Associative Mating
Just as people choose friends with whom they have something in common, they tend to fall in love with and marry someone much like themselves.
32
Stepfamily
Results from the marriage or cohabitation of adults who already have children. Also called reconstituted family or combined family.
33
Infertility
Inability to conceive a baby after twelve months of trying.
34
In Vitro Fertilization
Fertility drugs are given to increase production of ova. Then one or more ova are surgically removed, fertilized in a laboratory dish, and implanted in the woman's uterus.
35
In Vitro Maturation
Harvesting a large number of follicles before ovulation is complete, allowing them to mature in laboratory. Can make hormone injections unnecessary and reduces chance of multiple births.
36
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Insection (ICSI)
Single sperm injected in ovum. Used when severe male infertility and when woman's fallopian tubes are blocked or scarred beyond surgical repair.
37
Artifical Insemination
Injection of sperm into a woman's vagina, cervix or uterus.
38
Ovum Transfer
Donor egg fertilized in laboratory and implanted into uterus.
39
Blastocyst Transfer
Fertilized ovum is kept in the culture until it grows to the blastocyst stage. Linked to identical twin births.
40
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer and Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
New techniques which either the egg and sperm or the fertilized egg is inserted in the fallopian tube.
41
Surrogate Motherhood
Impregnation of a fertile woman with the prospective father's sperm. She then bears the baby and surrenders it to the man and his wife.
42
Nuclear Family
Two-generation family consisting of parents and their growing children.
43
Revolving Door Syndrome
When grown children return home to live with their parents - sometimes with their own families.
44
Aging in Place
Staying in ones own home, with or without assistance, during late life.
45
Caregiving
Informal, unpaid care of a person whose independence is physically, mentally, emotionally, or economically limited. May included errands, chauffeuring, help with finances or housework, or complete physical care.
46
Caregiver Burnout
Physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion that affects many adults who care for aged relatives.
47
Sandwich Generation
Need to care for elderly parents while middle-aged adults are taking care of their own children.
48
Adaptation
Adjustment to the events, circumstances, and conditions of life.
49
Personality
Set of distinctive patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions that characterize each individual's adaptation to the situations of his or her life.
50
Personality Inventory
Psychometric test that asks people to rate themselves or others on traits such as thoroughness, confidence, and irritability; to report on activities they do or don't enjoy; or to give opinions on a variety of topics.
51
Real Self
Who a person actually is
52
Ideal Self
Who a person would like to be
53
Temperament
Person's characteristic, biologically based emotional style of approaching and reacting to people and situations. (Disposition) Determined by heredity. Shapes personality. Evidence of environmental influence.
54
Trait Models
FIND PERSONALITY IS FAIRLY STABLE OVER LIFESPAN. STABILIZES IN 20S - 30S. Focus on mental, emotional, temperamental, and behavioral traits, or attributes. Attempt to reduce personality and behavior to basic elements and assume that traits fairly predictably influence behavior. Studies based on these models find that adult personality changes very little.
55
Self-concept Models
Look at how individuals view themselves and influence personality. Evidence of stability and change. Concerned with how people view themselves. Describe people as actively regulating their own personality development by means of processes similar to those in organismic theories such as that of Piaget. Such models incorporate both stability and change.
56
Stage Models
Portray a typical sequence of age-related development that continues throughout the life span. Studies framed in this way find significant, predictable changes in adult personality.
57
Timing-of-Events Models
Contextual. Researchers who take this approach find that change is related not so much to age as to the varied circumstances and events of life.
58
Self-Concept
Sense of self. Made up of schemas.
59
Five-Factor Model
(Costa & McRae) Has five dimensions or domains: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN)
60
Neuroticism
Cluster of six negative traits: anxiety, hostility, depression, self-conscousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability. Highly neurotic people are nervous, fearful, irritable, easily angered, and sensitivee to criticism. May feel sad, hopeless, lonely, guilty, and worthless.
61
Extraversion
Six facets: warmth, gregariousness, asserts, activitity, excitement-seeking, and positive emotions. Extraverts are sociable, take-charge types who have close, compassionate relationships and like attention.
62
Open to Experience
Willing to try new things and embrace new ideas. Have a vivid imagination and strong feelings. Appreciate beauty and the arts and question traditional values.
63
Conscientious
Achievers. Competent, orderly, dutiful, deliberate, and disciplined.
64
Agreeable
Trusting, straightforward, altruistic, compliant, modest, and easily swayed.
65
Schemas
Working models, or constructs, or reality around which behavior is organized.
66
Identity Styles
Characteristic ways of confronting, interpreting, and responding to experience. (Whitbourne)
67
Identity Assimilation
Attempt to fit new experience into an existing self concept.
68
Identity Accommodation
Adjusting self concept to fit new experience.
69
Normative Personality Change
Age related patterns of personality development common to most member of a population.
70
Generativity
Concern for establishing and guiding the next generation.
71
Midlife Crisis
Stressful period triggered by review and reevaluation of one's life, which may herald the onset of middle age.
72
Interiority
Tendency toward introspection, or preoccupation with inner life, which usually appears in middle age. (Neugarten)
73
Life Structure
Levinson - "the underlying pattern or design of a person's life at a given time" which is built around whatever a person finds most important.
74
Timing of Events Model
View major life events as markers of development. (Neugarten)
75
Normative Life Events
Events people expect because they happen to most adults.
76
Nonnormative Life Events
Unusual events that cannot be expected.
77
Gender Stereotypes
Exaggerated generalizations about differences between men and women.
78
Gender Roles
Cultural norms or expectations for appropriate male or female behavior, interests, attitudes, abilities, and personality traits.
79
Gender Identity
Awareness of what it means to be male or female.
80
Androgynous
High in both masculine and feminine characteristics.
81
Undifferentiated
Low in both masculine and feminine characteristics.
82
Self-In-Relation Theory
(Jean Baker-Miller) Mean and women develop gender differently, and this difference explains much about adult personality development. Men develop gender identity by distancing themselves from their mother, while women develop gender identity within the relationship with the mother.
83
Social Learning Theory
(Bandura) Gender roles and gender identity learned through observation, imitation, and reinforcement.
84
Cognitive-Developmental Theories
(Kohlberg) Children learn about gender (and other aspects of their world) by actively thinking about their experience. They organize their behavior around these perceptions, adopting behaviors they see as consistent with their identity as male or female.
85
Gender-Schema Theory
(Bem) People develop gender schemas which help them sort out their observations of what it means to be male or female.
86
Stage Models
Levinson - Personality shaped by age-related developmental influences. Significant, predictable changes in personality. Critiqued for centering male experiences.
(Erikson) Balance positive and negative tendencies. Grows and changes throughout life. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adult) Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle Adult) Integrity vs Despair (Older Adult)
(Vaillant) Relationships and life adjustment. Best adjusted 65 year old were organized, stable and dependable in college. Very similar to Erikson.
(Levinson) Building and changing life structures. Reevaluation and change is viewed as creating a more fulfilling midlife. Novice Phase - (17-33) Become independent, form relationships, choose occupation. Culminating Phase (33-45) Set goals, focus on family, work, and community
87
Mills Studies
Longitudinal study of a group of women who graduated Mills College in 1958 and 1960. Personality is more than just traits and must include conceptualization of whole person. Personality does change in different ways for different people depending on their life experiences and circumstances. Highest quality of life balance of masculine and feminine involvement. Balance found at midlife.
88
Life Expectancy
Age to which a person born at a certain time and place is statistically likely to live.
89
Longevity
How long a particular person actually does live.
90
Hayflick Limit
Limit on the number of times a cell can divide - about 50 times for human cells.
91
Genetic-Programming Theories
Hold that bodies age according to a normal developmental timetable built into the genes. Since each species has its own life expectancy and pattern of aging, this pattern must be predetermined and inborn, subject to only minor modifications.
92
Gene Therapy
Replacement or insertion of genes to correct a defect, improve functioning, or delay senescence.
93
Variable-Rate Theories
View aging as a result of processes that vary from person to person and are influenced by both the internal and the external environments. (Also called error theories)
94
Survival Curves
Percentages of members of a species that live to various ages.
95
Senescence
Period of the life span marked by obvious declines in body functioning generally associated with aging.
96
Free Radicals
Highly unstable atoms or molecules formed during metabolism, which react with and can damage cell membranes, cell proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and even DNA.
97
Biomarkers
Specific, universally valid measures of biological age.
98
Visual Acuity
Ability to distinguish detail.
99
Dynamic Visual Acuity
Ability to see moving objects clearly.
100
Presbyopia
Form of farsightedness that makes many people put on reading glasses or switch to blended or bifocal glasses. Stems from structural changes in the lens of the eye.
101
Cochlear Implants
Electronic devices that transform sound into electrical signals and deliver them to the receptor nerve cell of the cochlea in the inner ear, which then channels the impulses to the auditory cortex of the brain.
102
Cataracts
Cloudy or opaque areas in the lens, which prevent light from passing through, causing blurred vision.
103
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Macula, the central part of the retina, gradually loses the ability to distinguish fine details. Leading cause of functional blindness in Americans over 60.
104
Glaucoma
Fluid pressure builds up within the eye because of inadequate drainage, which damages the optic nerve.
105
Corneal Disease
Cornea, front surface of the eye, becomes clouded, scarred, or distorted by injury, disease, or hereditary defects.
106
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Involves damage to the nerves in the inner ear, the auditory nerve, or hearing pathways in the brain. Number one reason for hearing loss in adults over 65.
107
Conductive Hearing Loss
Blockage of sound in the outer or middle ear caused by buildup of ear wax, abnormal bone growth, a punctured ear drum, or an infection in the middle ear.
108
Mixed Hearing Loss
Combination of Sensorineural and Conductive Hearing Loss.
109
Tinnitus
Persistent ringing or buzzing in the ears.
110
Presbycusis
Most common sensorineural hearing loss. At first, hering loss is limited to high-pitched sounds and progresses more rapidly in men than in women.
111
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Physical discomfort and emotional tension during the 2 weeks before a menstrual period.
112
Dysmenorrhea
Menstrual cramps.
113
Climacteric
Period of several years during which a woman experiences physiological changes that bring on menopause. (Perimenopause)
114
Menopause
Woman permanently stops ovulating and menstruating and can no longer conceive a child. Generally considered to have occurred one year after last menstrual period.
115
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Artificial estrogen, sometimes in combination with progestin, in the form of a pill, a slow-releaseskin path or a vaginal cream. Recently found to increase risks of breast cancer, coronary heart disease, blood clots and stroke, and gall bladder disease.
116
Male Climacteric
Sometimes used to refer to a period of physiological, emotional, and psychological change involving a man's reproductive system and other body systems.
117
Erectile Dysfunction
(Impotence) Persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erect enough penis for satisfactory sexual performance.
118
Age-Differentiated
Roles are based on age
119
Structural Lag
Increasing numbers of older adults are able to contribute to society, but opportunities to use and reward their abilities are inadequate.
120
Age-Integrated Society
All kinds of roles would be open to adults of all ages.
121
Lifelong Learning
Organized, sustained study by adults of all ages.
122
Why do mature adults go to school?
To gain adaptive knowledge and skills, to train for new occupations, to understand and cope with technological and cultural change, to understand their own aging processes, and to develop new and satisfying retirement and leisure roles.
123
Crystallization Stage
Early adolescence - a person has only vague, general ideas about a career.
124
Specification Stage
Late adolescence in college years - young people learn more about various occupations and about what goes on in the workplace.
125
Implementation Stage
Early twenties - young adults try out one or more entry-level jobs or start professional training.
126
Establishment Stage
Mid Twenties - young adults have made a commitment to a career goal. They now see their work as an intrinsic part of their self concept.
127
Consolidation Stage
Mid thirties - strive to move up in their fields as fast and as far as possible, continually consolidating their gains as a firm footing for the next step up the ladder.
128
Maintenance Stage
Mid forties - Middle-aged people focus on maintaining, rather than acquiring, prestige, authority, and responsibility.
129
Deceleration Stage
Late fifties - When they face the need to retire in the not-too-distant future and gradually begin to distance themselves from their work, both physically and emotionally.
130
Retirement Stage
65 - brings formal separation from the job and requires adjustment to lack of a career as a defining feature of the self.
131
Vocational Identity
Level of clarity and stability of one's goals, interests, personality, and talents and how these factors influence decision making in an ambiguous environment.
132
Substantive Complexity of Work
Degree of thought and independent judgment it requires.
133
Compensation Hypothesis
Leisure activities make up for what is missing in work.
134
Resource Provision-Depletion Hypothesis
Work promotes or constrains certain kinds of leisure activities by providing or depleting resources of time, energy, and money.
135
Segmentation Hypothesis
Work and leisure are independent; choices in one area have no relationship to the other.
136
Spillover Hypothesis
Hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between intellectuality of work and of leisure activities because of a carryover of learning from work to leisure.
137
Family Focused Lifestyle
Pattern of retirement activity that revolves around family, home, and companions.
138
Balanced Investment
Time allocated more equally among family, work, and leisure.
139
Serious Leisure
Activity that demands skill, attention, and commitment.
140
Convoy Theory
(Kahn and Antonucci) Distinguishes relationships in terms of their relative intimacy. Only a person's outer circles of social contact are significantly affected by retirement.
141
Selectivity Theory
Theory proposed by Carstensen, that reduction of social contacts directed toward information gathering and identity formation is adaptive to aging, while contacts that fulfill emotional needs become central.
142
Dependency Ratio
Comparative size of the productive and dependent size of a population.
Adult Development and Aging
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