1
Q
たまたま
（偶々）
A
By chance / coincidentally / happened to
* Neutral tone; common in daily speech.
* Describes something unintended or unplanned, but not necessarily bad.
* Often appears in anecdotes, observations, or narratives.
たまたま＋出会う／見つける／起こる／通りかかる／たまたま〜たけど
- たまたま見かけただけで、別に気にしてないよ。
I just happened to see it — it’s no big deal. - たまたま彼女の家の近くを通ったから、挨拶しに行った。
I happened to be passing near her house, so I stopped by to say hello.
2
Q
ひとまず
（一先ず）
A
For the time being / for now / temporarily
* Slightly formal.
* Implies a provisional step or interim measure until a clearer decision or situation emerges.
* Often used in planning, problem-solving, or decision-making contexts.
ひとまず＋始める／終える／帰る／預ける／保留にする
- 修理はすぐできないので、ひとまず代替品を使ってください。
Since the repair can’t be done right away, please use this replacement for now. - この件はひとまず保留にしておきましょう。
Let’s put this issue on hold for the time being.
3
Q
ことさら
（殊更）
A
Especially / deliberately / pointedly
* Formal or literary; used in essays, criticism, or reporting tone.
* Can imply intentional emphasis, sometimes with a tone of overdoing or avoidance.
* Occasionally carries a slight negative connotation (e.g. manipulative, affected).
ことさら＋避ける／強調する／目立つ／気にする／攻撃する
- 彼はことさら私の意見を無視した。
He pointedly ignored my opinion. - ことさら大げさに言うつもりはないが、これは深刻な問題だ。
I’m not trying especially to exaggerate, but this is a serious issue.
4
Q
やけに
（自棄に）
A
Awfully / strangely / unusually (often unexpectedly)
* Colloquial; often paired with a shift in tone or suspicion.
* Expresses disproportionate intensity or abnormality, often with surprise.
* Can apply to mood, temperature, behavior, performance, etc.
やけに＋静か／親切／寒い／明るい／機嫌がいい
- 今日の先生、やけに機嫌がいいね。
The teacher’s in an awfully good mood today, huh. - この部屋、やけに静かで落ち着かない。
This room is strangely quiet… it’s unsettling.
5
Q
めっきり
A
Noticeably / remarkably / sharply (change)
* Often used with change over time.
* Refers to something that has noticeably decreased or increased, usually in personal, social, or environmental contexts.
* Often occurs with verbs in the past tense or habitual change markers.
めっきり＋寒くなる／老ける／減る／見かけなくなる／弱る
- めっきり秋らしくなってきたね。
It’s suddenly feeling remarkably autumnal, isn’t it? - 祖父はめっきり食が細くなった。
My grandfather’s appetite has noticeably declined.
6
Q
ろくに（〜ない）
（碌に）
A
Hardly, barely (with a negative)
* Expresses insufficiency — doing something inadequately or not properly, often with irritation or criticism.
ろくに＋食べない／眠れない／話せない／説明しない
- 昨日は忙しくて、ろくに食事も取れなかった。
Yesterday was so busy, I barely had anything to eat. - 彼はろくに挨拶もしないで部屋を出て行った。
He left the room without even properly greeting anyone.
7
Q
かろうじて
A
Barely, just barely, narrowly
* Used when something was only just achieved — often in tests, survival, escape, timing, etc.
かろうじて＋合格する／間に合う／逃れる／見える
- かろうじて終電に間に合った。
I just barely caught the last train. - 彼はかろうじて生き延びた。
He narrowly survived.
8
Q
どうやら
A
Apparently, it seems like, it looks like
* Hints at a conclusion drawn from signs or indirect evidence — tentative deduction.
どうやら＋ようだ／らしい／〜みたい
- どうやら雨が降りそうだ。
Looks like it’s going to rain. - 彼はどうやら私の話を誤解しているようだ。
Apparently he’s misunderstood what I said.
9
Q
しょっちゅう
A
Frequently, constantly, all the time [habitual frequency / annoyance]
* Colloquial and casual; implies annoyance or surprising regularity.
しょっちゅう＋遅れる／忘れる／喧嘩する／電話する
- 彼はしょっちゅう遅刻するから信用できない。
He’s late all the time — I can’t trust him. - 最近、しょっちゅう夢に同じ人が出てくる。
Lately, the same person keeps appearing in my dreams.
10
Q
もっぱら
（専ら）
A
Exclusively, solely, mainly
* Highlights a focus or tendency to do only one thing — often in work, habits, or interests.
もっぱら＋話題／噂／研究／使用／仕事
- 休日はもっぱら読書に時間を費やしている。
I spend most of my days off exclusively reading. - その事件は今、もっぱらマスコミの話題になっている。
That incident is currently the main topic in the media.
11
Q
やむをえず
A
Unavoidably, out of necessity
* Formal phrase implying something had to be done, even if it wasn’t desirable.
やむをえず＋中止／延期／断る／変更する
- 悪天候のため、やむをえずイベントを中止しました。Due to bad weather, we had no choice but to cancel the event.
- やむをえずその提案を受け入れることにした。
I reluctantly accepted the proposal.
12
Q
あらかじめ
（予め）
A
In advance, beforehand
* Neutral/formal tone.
* Refers to preparation, notification, or planning done in anticipation.
あらかじめ＋用意する／連絡する／知っておく／予約する
- あらかじめチケットを購入しておいた方がいい。
It’s better to buy your ticket in advance. - あらかじめ彼に相談しておくべきだった。
I should have spoken to him beforehand.
13
Q
やたらに
（or やたらと）
A
Excessively, blindly, recklessly
* Can express carelessness, lack of restraint/control, or disproportionate intensity.
* Tone is often negative or critical.
やたらと＋使う／触る／話す／多い／怖がる
- 最近、彼はやたらと機嫌がいい。何かあったのかな？
He’s been suspiciously cheerful lately — I wonder why. - 知らない人にやたらと話しかけない方がいい。
You shouldn’t go talking to strangers so freely.
14
Q
ふと
A
Suddenly, unintentionally, by chance (mental/inner experience)
* Expresses a spontaneous thought, action, or emotion, often internal.
ふと＋思う／気づく／立ち止まる／見る／口にする
- 彼の言葉を聞いて、ふと昔のことを思い出した。
Hearing his words suddenly brought back old memories. - 窓の外を見ると、ふと雪が降り始めていた。
I glanced outside and noticed it had suddenly started snowing.
15
Q
さぞ（〜だろう）
A
Surely; no doubt; must be
* Shows empathic speculation — imagining how someone else must feel.
* Often used with 〜でしょう／だろう.
さぞ＋お疲れ／お困り／ご心配／ご無念
- 一人で子育てしてるなんて、さぞ大変だろうね。
Raising a child alone must be incredibly difficult. - 試験に落ちて、さぞがっかりしたことだろう。
You must’ve been so disappointed to fail the exam.
16
Q
思いのほか
A
Unexpectedly / more than expected [neutral, positive or negative outcome]
* Expresses surprise at a gap between expectation and reality, especially in reflective or evaluative tones.
* Surprise / contrastive evaluation in any direction — more flexible than other similar expressions.
* Often used in writing, polite speech, and reflections.
思いのほか＋〜だった／〜良かった／〜大変だった／〜安かった
- 思いのほか簡単に問題が解けた。
The problem was solved more easily than expected.
17
Q
案の定
（あんのじょう）
A
Sure enough / just as I feared
* Outcome matches negative expectation.
* Expresses that something happened exactly as feared or predicted, often with regret or cynicism.
* Prediction confirmation (often negative) ー there’s a sense of cynical resignation or cynical fulfillment.
* Tone somewhat defeatist.
案の定＋トラブル／遅れる／負けた／怒られた
- 雨が降りそうだったけど、案の定降ってきた。
It looked like it was going to rain — and sure enough, it did. - 案の定、プロジェクトは失敗した。
Sure enough, the project failed.
18
Q
急に
（きゅうに）
A
Suddenly
* Neutral and high-frequency. Refers to an action or change occurring abruptly and without warning.
* Sudden temporal shift.
急に＋変わる／泣き出す／走り出す／寒くなる
- 急にドアが開いたので驚いた。
The door suddenly opened, so I was startled.
19
Q
にわかに
A
Suddenly / abruptly (literary/formal)
* Slightly literary or news-style. Often used in weather, politics, or reporting.
* Abrupt external change / formal surprise.
にわかに＋信じがたい／雨が降る／注目を集める
- にわかに空が暗くなって、雨が降り出した。
The sky suddenly darkened and it began to rain.
20
Q
ぐっと
A
Significantly / all at once / deeply
* Describes a sudden forceful movement (physical or emotional), or a large jump in quantity.
* Intense internal reaction or shift.
ぐっと＋こらえる／堪える／我慢する／減る／伸びる
- 彼の言葉にぐっと胸を打たれた。
His words deeply moved me. - 気温がぐっと下がった。
The temperature dropped sharply.
21
Q
どっと
A
In a rush / all at once (burst)
* Often refers to a sudden surge or collapse, whether physical (crowd or fatigue) or emotional.
* Physical/emotional overload or release.
どっと＋笑う／疲れる／押し寄せる／泣き出す
- 仕事が終わった途端、どっと疲れが出た。
As soon as work ended, I was hit by a wave of exhaustion.
22
Q
がくんと
A
Suddenly (drop in quality or quantity)
* Often used in writing to describe decline or collapse, whether academic, economic, or psychological.
* Measurable decline / contrast.
成績／モチベーション／売り上げが＋がくんと落ちる
- 試験後、成績ががくんと下がった。
My grades dropped dramatically after the test.
23
Q
ずいぶん（と）
A
Considerably, quite
* Used to emphasize how much more/less something is than usual, often with surprise or approval.
* Evaluative emphasis.
ずいぶん＋寒い／遅い／変わった／上達した
- ずいぶん遅くなったね。何かあったの？
You’re really late. Did something happen?
24
Q
たちまち
A
In an instant / immediately [sudden visibility / instantaneous transformation]
* Formal or literary, often used in storytelling or reporting ー high frequency in narrative contexts.
* Used to describe rapid transitions that are visibly instantaneous.
たちまち＋消える／売り切れる／人気になる／広がる／変わる
- チケットはたちまち売り切れた。
The tickets sold out in an instant. - その噂はたちまち学校中に広まった。
That rumor spread instantly throughout the school.
25
**若干**〈の〉
| （じゃっかん）
**A few; some; slightly** [formal/quantifying]
* **Numerical expression** used in **formal**, **written** settings (**business emails**, **reports**, **announcements**).
* It **softens** but **professionalizes** the expression of **quantity** or **difference**.
| 若干の差がある・若干値上がりした・若干名募集
## Footnote
* **若干の**変更がありますので、ご注意ください。
Please note that there have been *some* changes.
* その件に関しては、**若干の**誤解があるようです。
There seems to be *some* misunderstanding regarding this matter.
26
**案外**
| （あんがい）
**Contrary to what one (lightly) assumed; unexpectedly; surprisingly** [negative expectation, positive outcome]
* **Conversational**; **neutral tone** / **slightly informal**.
* Often carries a **mildly pleasant** or ***humorous* surprise**.
* Use when the **outcome gently defies expectation**, especially when it turns out **better** or **easier** than **assumed**.
* Often used when **preconception was wrong** in a **pleasant** or **neutral** way.
* 案外 is usually followed by **positive** or **neutral surprises**.
| 案外難しい / 面白い / 近い｜案外知られていない｜案外と早く終わった
## Footnote
* 初めて行ったが、**案外**楽しかった。
It was my first time, but it was *surprisingly* fun.
* この仕事は**案外と**時間がかからなかった。
This job *didn't take as much time as I expected*.
* 試験は**案外**簡単だった。
The test was easier *than I thought*.
* **案外**この町は住みやすいね。
This town is *surprisingly* livable.
27
**彼方此方**
| （あちこち）
**Here and there; various places**
* **Casual**; implies **movement**, **scattering**, or **multiplicity of locations**
* Used for **physical movement**, **physical dispersion** or **scattered actions**
* Also applies to **metaphorical distribution** or **widespread attention**, e.g. "the issue is being discussed あちこちで"
**Related:**
* **どこでも** = anywhere
* **至る所**【いたるところ】 = everywhere (formal)
* **あちらこちら** = same meaning, slightly more formal
| あちこち行く / 探す / 痛い | あちこちで話題になる| あちこちに物が散らかっている
## Footnote
* 旅行で**あちこち**観光した。
I did *a lot of* sightseeing on my trip.
* 引っ越しの準備で、家の中が**あちこち**散らかっている。
I'm preparing to move, so the house is a mess *in many places*.
28
**彼方（に）**
| （かなた）
**Far away; the other side; beyond** (spatial or metaphorical)
* **Poetic**, **literary** tone — less common in speech. Common in **lyrical prose**, **essays**, or **fantasy-style** texts.
* Can refer to **spatial distance** or the **distant past**/**future**/**memory**/**realm**.
* Use when you want to **evoke distance** and **feeling**, either literal (**geographical**) or emotional (**memory**, **dream**).
**Related:**
* **向こう** = over there (neutral, everyday)
* **遥か**【はるか】= far (poetic/formal)
* **果て**【はて】 = the ends (地の果て, etc.)
| 遥か彼方に | 夢の彼方 | あの世の彼方に
## Footnote
* 山の**彼方に**美しい村があった。
There was a beautiful village *beyond* the mountains.
* 幼い頃の記憶は、今では**彼方に**消えてしまった。
My childhood memories have now faded *into the distance*.
29
**熟（と）**
| （つくづく）
**Deeply; keenly; thoroughly** (especially for feelings or realizations)
* **Reflective** or **emotional** tone.
* Used to express **something one has come to feel strongly** or is **acutely aware of**.
* Signals **emotional** or **intellectual depth** — often used for **self-reflection** or **criticism**.
* Limited to **personal evaluation**, **regret**, **realization**, etc.
**Related:**
* **心から** = from the heart
* **本当に** = truly
* **痛感**【つうかん】〈する〉 = to feel deeply (usually a verb, often paired with this)
| つくづく感じる / 思う / 実感する | つくづく不運だ | つくづく嫌になる
## Footnote
* 一人で暮らしてみて、**つくづく**親のありがたさを感じた。
Living alone has made me realize *how* grateful I am to my parents.
* 彼の無責任さには、**つくづく**嫌気がさす。
I'm disgusted by his irresponsibility.
30
**丸っきり（〜ない）**
| （まるっきり）
**Completely; totally; entirely** (used only with negatives or rarely in emphatic positive tone)
* **Informal**, **emphatic**; suggests **total absence** or **complete rejection**.
* Often interchangeable with **まるで～ない**, but more **spoken**/emphatic.
* Usually followed by a **negative verb** or **noun** (e.g. わからない, 関係ない).
* **Conversational** tone, often found in **spoken Japanese** or **light writing**.
**Related:**
* **全く**【まったく】= completely (neutral)
* **さっぱり** = not at all (often with わからない)
* **すっかり** = completely (positive or neutral tone)
| 丸っきりわからない / 丸っきり違う | 丸っきり関係ない | 丸っきりの嘘（emphatic positive, rare usage）
## Footnote
* 彼の話は**丸っきり**信じられなかった。
I *couldn't believe a word* of his story.
* その計画には、私は**丸っきり**関係していません。
I had *nothing to do with* the plan.
31
**恐らく（〜だろう）**
| （おそらく）
**Probably / very likely**
* **High-certainty inference**; conveys **high confidence in a deduction**, usually paired with 〜だろう／と思う／に違いない.
| おそらく＋来ない／成功するだろう／問題ないはず
## Footnote
* **おそらく**彼はその話を知らない**だろう**。
He *probably* doesn’t know about that story.
32
**いかにも**
| （如何にも）
**Indeed; typically; very**
* Emphasizes how something **conforms to expectations** / **stereotypes**.
* Can sound **admiring** or **sarcastic** depending on **tone**.
| いかにも＋〜らしい／〜そう／〜な感じ｜いかにも彼らしい／いかにも日本的な
## Footnote
* **いかにも**彼らしい答えだね。
That’s *just* the kind of answer he’d give.
33
**てっきり**
**Completely assumed (but was wrong)**
* Indicates a **mistaken assumption** — speaker was convinced of something that **turned out untrue**.
* Contrastive **assumption with error** ー often used with past tense expressions of thought.
**思い込む** ＝ to assume; be convinced; feel sure that
| てっきり＋〜と思った／〜かと思った／〜だと思い込んでいた
## Footnote
* てっきり彼が来ると思ってたよ！
I was *totally sure* he’d be coming!
34
**恰も**
| （あたかも）
**As if / just like** [hypothetical analogy / simile]
* Highly **formal**.
* Used to **compare two things by analogy**, often with かのように.
* Common in **essays**, **speeches**, or **literary prose**.
| あたかも〜かのように／かのごとく
## Footnote
* 彼は**あたかも**何もなかったかのように振る舞った。
He acted *as if* nothing had happened.
35
**まるで**
**Just like / as though** [imaginative analogy / emphatic comparison]
* More **conversational** than あたかも.
* Used with 〜ように／みたい for **simile** or **surprise comparison**.
| まるで夢のようだ ／ まるで別人みたいだ
## Footnote
* 彼の話は**まるで**映画**のよう**だった。
His story was *just like* a movie.
36
**一応**
| （いちおう）
**For now / tentatively / just in case** [hedging / provisional effort]
* Very **common**.
* **Softens** a statement by **implying it’s not fully complete**, **provisional**, or **just to be safe**.
| 一応やってみる ／ 一応確認する ／ 一応連絡しておく
## Footnote
* **一応**、明日もう一度電話してみます。
I’ll call again tomorrow, *just in case*.
37
**何となく**
| （なんとなく）
**Somehow; for no clear reason** [intuitive, emotion-driven hedging]
* Used to express **vague feelings** or **impressions without logic**.
* Often **emotional** or **intuitive**.
| 何となく分かる／気になる／寂しい
## Footnote
* 今日は**何となく**元気が出ない。
I *just don’t* feel energetic today — *I don’t know why*.
38
**まさに**
| （正に）
**Exactly / just / truly** [emphasis / precise assertion]
* Highlights **precision** or **perfect fit**.
* Often used in **reactions**, **reporting**, or **quoting**.
| まさにその通り／まさに奇跡／まさに運命
## Footnote
* これは**まさに**私が探していた本だ！
This is *exactly* the book I was looking for!
39
**どうせ**
**Anyway / in any case (resigned tone)** [negative prediction]
* Suggests **resignation**, **cynicism**, or **futility**.
* Common in **speech** with 〜ても／だって.
| どうせ〜しても無駄／どうせ自分なんて／どうせダメだ
## Footnote
* **どうせ**誰も信じてくれないよ。
Nobody’s going to believe me *anyway*.
40
**やはり（やっぱり）**
**As expected / after all / still / also** [emotional confirmation / return to prior belief]
* Common but nuance varies.
* Expresses **confirmation**, **return to expectations**, or **unchanged judgment**.
* やっぱり is more casual.
| やはり彼が勝った／やっぱり行きたくない／やはりそうか
## Footnote
* 色々考えたけど、**やはり**彼を信じることにした。
After thinking it over, I decided to trust him *after all*.
41
**むしろ**
**Rather / instead** [contrastive attitude / inverse expectation]
* Used to show **preference** or **contrast** where the **second option is more true** or **surprising than the first**.
| AというよりむしろB／むしろ〜したい／むしろ逆効果
## Footnote
* 褒められるより、**むしろ**恥ずかしかった。
Rather than feeling proud, I felt embarrassed *instead*.
42
**わざわざ**
**deliberately / going out of one’s way to** [emphasis on voluntary effort]
* Emphasizes that someone put in **extra effort**, often when unnecessary or kind.
* **Tone depends on context** (thankful or sarcastic).
| わざわざ来る／わざわざ言う／わざわざ届けてくれる
## Footnote
* **わざわざ**手伝いに来てくれてありがとう。
Thanks for coming all this way *just to* help me.
43
**せっかく**
| （折角）
**With effort / since (we) went to the trouble** [emotional emphasis on effort vs. outcome]
* Highlights that something **took effort**, and often expresses **regret that it went to waste** (often with のに or だから).
| せっかく〜のに／せっかく来たから／せっかく作ったのに
## Footnote
* **せっかく**来たのに、彼は家にいなかった。
Even though I *went to the trouble of* coming, he wasn’t home.
44
**つい**
**Unintentionally / just (did)** [accidental emotional lapse / impulse]
* Refers to **reflexive** or **unconscious actions**, often ones we regret or didn't mean.
* Very common in **spoken** Japanese.
| つい〜してしまう／つい口にする／つい手が出る
## Footnote
* ダイエット中なのに、**つい**ケーキを食べ**てしまった**。
Even though I’m on a diet, I *accidentally* ate cake.
45
**堪まらなく**
| （たまらなく）
**Unbearably** [strong emotional intensity]
* Indicates **intense emotion** or **sensation** that **cannot be resisted or controlled**.
* Often appears with 好き／寒い／痛い.
| たまらなく＋好き ／ 寒い ／ 悲しい ／ 愛しい
## Footnote
* このにおいは**たまらなく**嫌だ。
This smell *disgusts* me.
* 彼女に会いたくて**たまらない**。
I miss her so much I *can’t stand it*.
46
**何気なく**
| （なにげなく）
**Casually / without thinking** [unconscious emotion / hidden weight]
* Describes actions done **subconsciously** or **without awareness**, but often **reveals deeper meaning** or **triggers** something.
| なにげなく〜を見る ／ 言う ／ 立ち寄る ／ 聞く
## Footnote
* **なにげなく**言った一言が、彼を傷つけた。
One *casual* remark I made hurt him.
47
**さすがに**
| （流石に）
**Indeed / even (showing limits or awe)** [acknowledgment of natural limits or status]
* Expresses that something **meets high expectations** — or **surpasses normal boundaries** (e.g., “Even he couldn't…”).
| さすがに＋無理だ／疲れた／できなかった
## Footnote
* **さすがに**この量は食べきれ**ない**。
*Even* I can’t eat this much.
48
**敢えて**
| （あえて）
**Dare to / deliberately (against expectation)** [deliberate willpower / defiance of norms]
* Used when someone chooses to do something **bold** or **unnecessary**, usually **despite resistance** or **common sense**.
| あえて言う ／ あえて挑戦する ／ あえて反対する
## Footnote
* **あえて**危険な道を選んだ。
I *deliberately* chose the risky path.
49
**じみじみ**
| （沁み沁み）
**Deeply / keenly / with feeling** [eflective emotional awareness]
* Expresses **quiet, often bittersweet reflection** or **emotional depth** — common in life moments, **memories**, **realizations**.
| しみじみ感じる ／ わかる ／ 思う ／ 話す
## Footnote
* 一人暮らしの寂しさを**しみじみ感じた**。
I felt the loneliness of living alone *deeply*.
50
**常に**
| （つねに）
**Always / consistently**
[consistent state / professionalism]
* More **formal** or **written** than いつも.
* Often used in **business**, **rules**, or **advice** contexts.
| 常に努力する ／ 常に意識する ／ 常に最新情報を更新する
## Footnote
* **常に**自分を磨くことが大切だ。
It’s important to always be improving yourself.
50
**たびたび**
| （度々）
**Repeatedly / again and again** [polite repetition / formal frequency]
* **Politer** and **more formal** than しょっちゅう. Used in **writing**, **formal apology**, or **customer service**.
| たびたび申し訳ありません ／ たびたびご迷惑をおかけして
## Footnote
* **たびたび**お電話してすみません。
Sorry to call *so many times*.
51
**今さら**
| （いまさら）
**Now (too late)** [temporal regret / criticism]
* Implies **regret**, **futility**, or **disbelief** — the speaker thinks it’s **too late** to change something.
| 今さら謝っても ／ 今さら言われても ／ 今さら無理
## Footnote
* **今さら**そんなことを言われても困る。
It’s *too late* for you to say that now.
52
**とっくに**
**Long ago / ages ago / already** [completed action emphasis]
* Emphasizes that **something happened well in the past**, often with an **edge of irritation** or **surprise**.
* Often with the **past tense**.
| とっくに終わった ／ とっくに帰った
## Footnote
* 宿題は**とっくに**提出しましたよ。
I *already* handed in the homework *a long time ago*.
53
**頻繁に**
| （ひんぱんに）
**Frequently / often** [formal frequency report]
* More **formal** and **objective** than しょっちゅう or よく.
* Used in **reports**, **writing**, or **professional tone**.
| 頻繁に連絡する ／ 頻繁に更新される
## Footnote
* 最近は**頻繁に**システムのエラーが起こる。
Lately, system errors have been occurring *frequently*.
54
**ときどき**
| （時々）
**Sometimes** [mid-frequency habit]
* Describes **moderate frequency** — more often than たまに, less than よく.
* Slightly more **neutral**.
| ときどき外食する ／ ときどき会う
## Footnote
* **ときどき**昔のことを思い出す。
I *sometimes* think about the past.
55
**よく**
**Often / well** [high frequency or capability]
* Very **common** word with multiple uses:
**① Frequency:** よく行く, よく見る
**② Skill:** よくできる
**③ Judgment:** よくそんなこと言えるね
## Footnote
* 子供の頃は**よく**公園で遊んでいた。
I *often* played in the park as a child.
56
**たいてい（は）**
**Usually / mostly / generally** [habitual norm]
* Used to describe **common routine** or **majority of cases**.
* **Less formal** than 一般的に, more **casual** and **personal**.
| たいてい朝はパンを食べる ／ たいていの場合
## Footnote
* **たいていは**電車で通勤している。
I *usually* commute by train.
57
**たまに**
**Occasionally / once in a while** [infrequent but regular habit]
* Indicates **infrequent but real occurrences**.
* **Often used to contrast** with usually/habitually not doing something.
| たまに会う ／ たまに食べる ／ たまにしか行かない
## Footnote
* **たまに**昔の友達に連絡したくなる。
I *occasionally* feel like reaching out to old friends.
58
**こっそり（と）**
**Secretly; stealthily; quietly without others noticing**
* Implies doing something in a **hidden**, **sneaky**, or **careful manner** to **avoid detection**.
* Can be used **positively** (a surprise party), **neutrally** (leaving quietly), or **negatively** (sneaking around).
**Related:**
* **密かに**（ひそかに）: more formal/written form of "secretly"
* **そっと**: implies quiet gentleness, without the "sneaky" nuance
| こっそり逃げる ／ こっそり見る ／ こっそり話す ／ こっそり抜け出す
## Footnote
* 子どもたちは**こっそり**お菓子を食べていた。
The children were *secretly* eating snacks.
* 彼女は**こっそり**部屋を出て行った。
She *quietly* left the room.
59
**むりやり**
| （無理やり）
**By force; forcibly; against someone’s will** [coercion]
* Implies an **action being done despite resistance**, **pressure**, or **unwillingness**.
* Often carries a sense of **coercion**.
**Related:**
* **強引に**（ごういんに）: forcefully (more formal or written)
* **強制的に**: forcibly, as in legal/policy contexts
| 無理やり〜させる ／ 無理やり連れていく ／ 無理やり押し込む
## Footnote
* 上司に**無理やり**残業させられた。
I was *forced to* work overtime by my boss.
* 子どもが嫌がっていたのに、**無理やり**食べさせた。
I *made the child eat* even though they didn’t want to.
60
**しきりに**
| （頻りに）
**Frequently; repeatedly; constantly; persistently; keeps** [insistence]
* Emphasizes **high repetition** or **insistence**.
* Can be used for **actions** (knocking, asking) or **emotions** (worry, longing).
* Often has a slightly **emotional or emphatic** feel.
**Related:**
* **頻繁に**（ひんぱんに）: frequent, but more neutral/formal
* **何度も**: straightforward repetition, more casual
| しきりに誘う ／ しきりに気にする ／ しきりに連絡してくる ／ しきりに頭を下げる
## Footnote
* 彼は**しきりに**私を飲みに誘ってくる。
He *keeps* inviting me out for drinks.
* 母は**しきりに**天気を気にしていた。
My mother was *constantly* worrying about the weather.
61
**かえって**
| （却って）
**On the contrary; rather; instead; unexpectedly ended up (contrary to expectation)** [concessive/contrastive]
* Used when the **result is opposite** from what was expected.
* Often used when something **backfires**, or when **trying to fix something makes it worse**.
**Related:**
* **むしろ**: rather (expressing a preference)
* **逆に**（ぎゃくに）: inversely, oppositely
| かえって悪くなる ／ かえって迷惑になる ／ かえって安心した
## Footnote
* 急いだら、**かえって**遅くなってしまった。
When I *rushed*, I *ended up* being even *later*.
* 注意したつもりが、**かえって**怒らせてしまった。
I *meant to* warn him, *but* it made him angry instead.
62
**一般的に**
**Generally; in general; commonly** [generalisation/explanatory]
* Used in **objective**, **formal discourse** or to present **widely accepted knowledge** or **opinion**.
* Common in **academic writing**, **news**, and **explanations**.
**Related:**
* **通常**（つうじょう）: normally (more neutral tone)
* **普通に**: casually “normally” (more conversational)
| 一般的に考えて ／ 一般的に言われている ／ 一般的な意見 ／ 一般的に使用される
## Footnote
* **一般的に**見て、この方法が一番効率的です。
*Generally speaking*, this method is the most efficient.
* 日本では**一般的に**、お辞儀が挨拶の形です。
In Japan, bowing is *generally* the form of greeting.
63
**いっそ**
**Rather / sooner / might as well just** [desperate speaker stance]
* Indicates a **bold** or **decisive** action taken when **all other options are exhausted** or **unsatisfying**.
* Suggests a **radical resolution** that might feel **unreasonable, but feels preferable compared to an unsatisfactory or worsening current state**.
* Often paired with **negative** or **reluctant** tones.
* **Emotionally charged**; implies **inner conflict** or **desperation**.
* **いっそ** + action/decision (usually **extreme** or **opposite**)
**Related:**
* **むしろ**: instead/preferably — more neutral
* **かえって**: contrary to expectation
| いっそ辞める ／ いっそ消える ／ いっそ〜してしまう
## Footnote
* このまま続けても意味がないなら、**いっそ**やめたほうがいい。
*If* continuing like this is pointless, we *might as well* quit.
* どうせ遅れるなら、**いっそ**休んでしまおうか。
*If* I’m going to be late anyway, *maybe* I should just take the day off.
* こんなに苦しいなら、**いっそ**やめてしまいたい。
If it’s this painful, I *might as well* quit entirely.
* 彼に頼むくらいなら、**いっそ**一人でやるよ。
If I have to rely on him, *I’d rather* just do it myself.
64
**攻めて**
| （せめて）
**At (the very) least; just (wanted); if nothing else** [speaker's peaker’s minimum threshold for emotional or situational satisfaction]
* Expresses the speaker’s **minimal expectation** or **desire** in a **disappointing situation**.
* Highlights a small or **modest consolation** the **speaker wishes for**.
* Often used when the **ideal** or full **outcome** is **unattainable**.
* Common in often used in **speaking** and **emotionally charged writing** like **complaints**, **modest appeals**, or **regretful reflections**.
* **せめて** + noun/verb phrase (**minimum wish or baseline**)
**Related:**
* **少なくとも**: objectively "at least", quantity-focused
* **どうせ**: hopeless tone, but often paired
* **だけでも**: even just (せめて carries more emotional weight)
| せめて〜してほしい・〜くらい ／ せめての願い・希望
## Footnote
* 高いプレゼントはいらないけど、**せめて**カードぐらいはほしかった。
I didn’t need an expensive gift, but I *at least* wanted a card.
* 病気の間、**せめて**一言の連絡がほしかった。
While I was sick, I *just wanted* at least one message from you.
* 高くて買えないけど、**せめて**試着だけでもしたい。
I can’t afford it, but I’d *at least* like to try it on.
* **せめて**一言あればよかったのに。
*Even a single word* would’ve been enough.
65
**よほど／よっぽど**
**Very much; greatly; considerably; to a surprising degree**
* Used to emphasize a **strong degree of emotion**, **intent**, or **difference in comparison**.
* Often implies something is **unexpected** or to a **notable extent**.
* **Common on N2 and N1 tests**; be sure to distinguish from similar intensifiers like かなり or 相当.
**Related:**
* **相当**（そうとう）＝quite
* **かなり**＝fairly, considerably
* **思わず**＝unintentionally (different nuance!)
| よほどのこと（がない限り） ／ よっぽど〜したかった（けど） ／ よっぽど〜みたい
## Footnote
* **よほど**疲れていたのか、彼は夕飯も食べずに寝てしまった。
He must have been *really* tired—he fell asleep without even eating dinner.
* **よっぽど**嬉しかったんでしょうね。ずっと笑ってた。
She must have been *really* happy—she was smiling the whole time.
66
**確か（に）**
**Certainly / If I remember correctly / It’s true that... (contextual)** [certainty/memory]
* Depending on **placement** and **context**, it can mean:
① 確実性 – ***Certainly*** (**affirming**)
② 記憶の曖昧さ –***If I recall...*** (**tentative memory**)
* Be mindful of **context** – N2–N1 will often test the difference between 確かに (**certainty**) vs たしか〜だった (**memory**).
**Related:**
* **間違いなく**＝without a doubt
* **おそらく**＝perhaps
| たしかに〜が・けれど ／ たしか〜だったと思う
## Footnote
* **たしかに**彼の意見は正しい。しかし、現実的ではない。
It’s *certainly true* that his opinion is correct, but it’s not realistic. [certainty]
* **たしか**彼は来週から出張だったと思います。
*If I remember correctly*, he’s going on a business trip next week. [memory]
67
**いずれ**
| （何れ）
**Eventually / Sooner or later / At some point / Any (of the options)**
* Used to **imply a non-specific but inevitable outcome** or selection.
* High-frequency in both **spoken** and **formal writing**.
* N2/N1 typically focuses on **nuance** and **sentence positioning**.
**Grammatical constructions:**
* **いずれ〜ことになる**＝will eventually become
* **いずれにしても／いずれにせよ**＝in any case
* **いずれか**＝one of them
**Related:**
* **やがて**＝soon/eventually
* **そのうち**＝sometime soon
## Footnote
* **いずれ**彼もこの事実を知ることになるだろう。
He’ll find out the truth *eventually*.
* この三つの案のうち、**いずれか**を選ばなければならない。
You have to choose *one of these* three options.
68
**一旦**
| （いったん）
**Once; temporarily; for the time being** [flow/state]
* Implies a **temporary halt**, **reset**, or a **one-time occurrence** *before something else happens*.
* Common on N2; **be sure not to confuse with 一度**（いちど）which refers to frequency more than flow/state.
**Related:**
* **一応**（いちおう）＝for now / just in case
* **一時的に**＝temporarily
| いったん〜したら ／ いったん中止する／停止する ／ いったん落ち着こう
## Footnote
* **いったん**この件は保留にしましょう。
Let’s put this matter on hold *for now*.
* **いったん**帰宅してから、また出かけます。
I’ll go home *first*, then head out again.
69
**既に**
| （すでに）
**Already** [formal/completion]
* Refers to something that has **already occurred**, often with an **implication that it’s irreversible or long done**.
* Appears in **formal written passages** (N2–N1), **news reports**, and **polite speech**.
* **More precise** than もう.
**Related:**
* **もう**＝already
* **とっくに**＝long ago (more casual)
| すでに終了している ／ すでに知っている ／ すでに述べたように
## Footnote
* 彼は**すでに**帰宅したようです。
It seems he’s *already gone home*.
* この問題は**すでに**解決済みです。
This issue has *already been resolved*.
70
**必ずしも（〜とは限らない）**
**Not necessarily ~ / Not all ~** [contradiction]
* Introduces a **qualification** or **contradiction** of an **expected/assumed truth**.
* Often appears in N1-N2 reading or listening questions that test **reasoning**.
**Related:**
* **かならずしも〜わけではない** = doesn't necessarily mean
* **一概に〜とは言えない**＝can’t generalize
## Footnote
* 高い物が**かならずしも**良い**とは限らない**。
Expensive things *aren’t necessarily* good.
* 日本人が**かならずしも**寿司が好き**とは限らない**。
*Not all* Japanese people like sushi.
71
**やや**
**Slightly; somewhat; a little bit**
* **Formal** or **written** tone; **more subtle** than 少し or ちょっと.
* Often used in **formal texts** and **graphs**. Common in N1 reading.
**Related:**
* **少々**（しょうしょう）＝ a little (formal)
* **若干**（じゃっかん）＝slightly (formal)
| やや高め・低め／ やや不安・やや疲れ気味
## Footnote
* この薬は**やや**眠気を引き起こす可能性があります。
This medicine may cause *slight* drowsiness.
* 彼の説明は**やや**抽象的だった。
His explanation was *a little* abstract.
72
**かつて**
| （嘗て）
**Once; formerly; ever (in the past); originally**
* Refers to something that happened in the **distant past** and **contrasts with the present**.
* Appears often in **historical**, **sociopolitical**, or **academic** N1 texts.
**Related:**
* **昔**＝long ago (more casual)
* **一度**＝once (refers to frequency more than past)
| かつて〜したことがある ／ かつての栄光 ／ かつて存在した〜
## Footnote
* 彼は**かつて**有名な俳優だった。
He was *once* a famous actor.
* この地域には**かつて**多くの鉱山があった。
There *used to be* many mines in this area.
73
**思い切って**
**Boldly; daringly; with resolve; resolutely** [internal decision-making]
* N2 grammar, often found in **dialogue**.
* Used when someone decides to take a **bold** or **difficult step**, often **overcoming hesitation**.
* Often implies **mental effort**, especially in **emotional** or **social** situations.
* Think of it as a “**mental leap**”, someone *"taking the plunge"* etc—often preceded by hesitation.
* Often appears in **spoken** and **narrative contexts** to express **internal decision-making**.
**Related:**
* 意を決して
* 決心して
| 思い切って告白する ／ 思い切って辞める ／ 思い切って聞いてみる
## Footnote
* **思い切って**転職することにした。
I decided *boldly* to change jobs.
74
**一気に**
| （いっきに）
**All at once; in one (go / sitting / gulp etc.)**
* Emphasizes **rapid**, **continuous** action **without pause** — either a **burst** or a **sweep**.
* Often used for **drastic changes**, like **mood**, **pace**, **environment**, or **temperature**.
* Describes a **sudden** or **uninterrupted** action; carries **intensity**.
* Common in **descriptive** or **emphatic contexts**.
* **Implies “no pauses”**—often **contrasts** with **gradual** or **staged** actions.
| 一気に飲む ／ 一気に仕上げる ／ 一気に解決する
## Footnote
* 彼はビールを**一気に**飲み干した。
He downed the beer *in one go*.
* 寒さが**一気に**厳しくなった。
The cold intensified *all at once*.
* 彼の言葉で緊張が**一気に**高まった。
His words suddenly made the tension *spike*.
75
**直ちに**
| （ただちに）
**Immediately, at once** [formal, broadcast contexts]
* **Formal** register; **strong sense of urgency**, used in **formal instructions** like in an examination context; or formal **alerts** like **emergency broadcasts** or **earthquake** warnings.
| 直ちに避難する ／ 直ちに報告する／ 直ちに対処する
## Footnote
* 火災の場合は、**直ちに**この建物から避難してください。
In case of fire, please evacuate this building *immediately*.
76
**別に（〜ない）**
**Not particularly; not especially** [contrastive/hedging adverb]
* Often appears in **spoken dialogue** and is nearly always used with **negation** to imply **indifference**.
* Used with **negative** to **downplay interest / importance**.
| 別に興味はない ／ 別にいいけど ／ 別に変じゃない
## Footnote
* **別に**いいけど.
I *don't particularly* mind.
* **別に**何も言いたいことはないよ。
There’s *nothing* I *particularly* want to say.
77
**逆に**
| （ぎゃくに）
**On the contrary; conversely; ended up ... instead** [conjunctive adverb]
* Indicates a **surprising twist** or **unexpected reversal** in logic or situation.
* Very common in **essays** and **logical arguments**.
| 逆に怒られた ／ 逆に助かった ／ 逆に考えると
## Footnote
* **逆に**、彼はその経験を楽しんでいた。
*Conversely*, he actually enjoyed the experience.
78
**ふと ・ふっと**
| （不図）
**Suddenly; unintentionally; on impulse; involuntarily**
* **ふと＋V (past or present)**
* Refers to an **action done without deliberate intention**, or a **thought** or **memory** that **arises unexpectedly**.
* Think of moments when your brain “**drifts**” or “**snaps**” to a thought **involuntarily**.
* Describes an **unexpected** or **soft/light change in state**—often used with **feelings**, **movements**, or **thoughts**.
| ふと思う・ふと見る・ふと気づく・ふと立ち止まる
## Footnote
* **ふと**昔の友人のことを思い出した。
I *suddenly* remembered an old friend.
* **ふと**立ち止まって空を見上げた。
I stopped in my tracks and looked up at the sky *without thinking*.
* 彼が**ふっと**現れた。
He *suddenly appeared out of nowhere*.
* 彼の名前を聞いたとたん、**ふっと**昔のことを思い出した。
As soon as I heard his name, I *suddenly* remembered the past.
* **ふっと**風が吹いて、ろうそくの火が消えた。
A breeze *suddenly* blew, and the candle went out.
79
**ざっと**
**Roughly, approximately, briefly** [gist]
* Gives an **approximate figure** or **summarises** information quickly **without detail**.
* Useful when **not being precise**, just giving the **gist** or ***skimmed-over*** action.
* Often gives a sense of **not going into detail**.
* **ざっと＋数／数量／説明**
| ざっと見積もる・ざっと数える・ざっと読む・ざっと洗う
## Footnote
出席者は**ざっと**100人くらいだった。
There were *roughly* 100 attendees.
**ざっと説明すると**、これは新しい戦略です。
*To explain briefly*, this is the new strategy.
* 会議の前に、資料を**ざっと**目を通しておいた。
Before the meeting, I *skimmed* through the materials.
* 費用は**ざっと**五十万円くらいかかると思います。
I think the cost will be *roughly* around 500,000 yen.
80
**尚**
| （なお）
**Furthermore, in addition; still; even now** [formal]
**1.** **なお、〜** (linking sentences) ー *"furthermore"*; *"additionally"*; *"by the way ..."*
**2.** 〜は、**なお続いている** (expressing continuity) ー *"still ..."*; *"even now"*
* **Polite/formal connector** often seen in **writing**.
* In writing, think of it as a formal “by the way” or “furthermore.”
* Also marks **continuation of a condition**.
| なお〜続く ／ なお〜残る ／ なおご確認ください
## Footnote
* 詳細は後日お知らせします。**なお**、ご不明な点があればご連絡ください。
Further details will be shared later. *Additionally*, please contact us if you have any questions.
* 台風の影響で電車**はなお**遅れ**ている**。
Trains are *still* delayed due to the typhoon.
81
**尚更**
| （なおさら）
**All the more, especially, even more; (with negative) even less**
* Emphasises an **intensification due to a condition** or **comparison** ー *“this condition makes it even more so.”*
* なおさら＋（Adj/Verb/Expression）
**Related:**
* **一層**（いっそう）: even more; still more
* **よけいに**: more; additional
| なおさら～したくなる／なおさら〜思う
## Footnote
* 雨が降ってきたので、**なおさら**行きたくない。
Now that it’s raining, I want to go *even less*.
* 彼が来ないと知って、**なおさら**寂しくなった。Knowing he wouldn't come made me feel *all the more* lonely.
82
**やがて**
**Soon, before long, eventually**
* Common in **narratives** or **forecasts** about **time passing**.
* Describes **something that will happen** in the **near** or **eventual future**.
* **Literary**/**formal** tone.
* やがて＋V (future or change)
| やがて〜になる／やがて〜現れる／やがて〜訪れる
## Footnote
* **やがて**春が訪れる。
Spring will come *soon*.
* **やがて**彼の努力が報われるだろう。
*Eventually* his efforts will be rewarded.
83
**一段と**
| （いちだんと）
**Much more (than before); all the more; even more**
* Indicates a **noticeable improvement** or **intensification** compared to before.
* Use to express a **step up in quality** or **state**.
* いちだんと＋Adj/Verb
**Related:**
* **よりいっそう**: still more; even more; greater
* **ますます**: increasingly; more and more
| 一段と〜なる／一段と〜感じる／一段と寒い・美しい
## Footnote
* 今日は**一段と**寒いですね。
It’s especially cold today, *more than usual*.
* 彼女は**一段と**美しくなった。
She’s become *even more* beautiful.
84
**そのうち**
**Before long; sooner or later; someday**
* **Vague** timing; something will happen **eventually** but **without a definite timeframe**.
* Think of it as the Japanese way of saying “**someday**.”
* そのうち＋V（non-past）
| そのうち〜する・来る・分かる・始まる
## Footnote
* **そのうち**分かるようになるよ。
You’ll understand it *eventually*.
* **そのうち**彼から連絡があるはず。
He’ll contact you *sooner or later*.
85
**咄嗟に**
| （とっさに）
**Instantly; on reflex; spur of the moment**
* An **immediate**, **instinctive** reaction in a sudden situation.
* Think of **emergency** or ***knee-jerk* reactions**.
* 咄嗟に＋V (past or spontaneous action)
| 咄嗟に動く・答える・避ける
## Footnote
* **咄嗟に**ハンドルを切った。
I *instinctively* turned the wheel.
* **咄嗟に**うそをついてしまった。
I told a lie *on the spur of the moment*.
86
**滅多に（〜ない）**
| （めったに）
**Rarely; hardly ever**
* Describes something that **almost never happens**; emphasizes **scarcity**.
* Watch for this in **negative statements** only.
**Related:**
* **ほとんど〜ない**: hardly ever / hardly any; very little (usable with nouns and possession)
* **めっきり〜ない**: hardly ever (new norm following a change, something stops happening till it barely occurs)
| 滅多にない／滅多に会えない／滅多に〜しない
## Footnote
* 彼は**滅多に**外出し**ない**。
He *hardly ever* goes out.
* そんなことは滅多に起こら**ない**。
That kind of thing *rarely* happens.
87
**稀に**
| （まれに）
**Rarely, occasionally**
* Used to describe **rare, but not impossible, occurrences**.
* **Slightly formal** or **literary**.
* Compared to 滅多に, 稀に allows **slightly more frequency**.
* Use when you want to allow for **rare but real possibilities**.
* 稀に＋V（〜ことがある）
| 稀にある・起きる・見られる
## Footnote
* **稀に**こういう事故が起こる。
*Occasionally*, accidents like this do happen.
* **稀に**彼女が早く来ることもある。
She *occasionally* arrives early.
88
**徐々に**
| （じょじょに）
**Gradually, little by little**
* Emphasizes a **slow**, **steady** **change over time**.
* More **formal** and **written** than だんだん.
* Often used in **news**, **reports**, or **academic prose**.
| 徐々に回復する・徐々に増える・徐々に慣れる
## Footnote
* 症状は**徐々に**改善しています。
The symptoms are *gradually* improving.
* 社会全体が**徐々に**変化しつつある。
Society as a whole is *gradually* changing.
89
**次第に**
| （しだいに）
**Gradually, progressively**
* Slightly **more formal** or **literary** than 徐々に.
* Suggests **progression** that follows a **natural** or **logical order**.
* Often appears in **academic** or **business** contexts.
| 次第に明らかになる・次第に減少する・次第に強くなる
## Footnote
* 日が沈むにつれて、空は**次第に**暗くなっていった。
As the sun set, the sky *gradually* grew darker.
* 計画は**次第に**現実味を帯びてきた。
The plan *gradually* began to feel more realistic.
90
**いきなり**
**Suddenly, abruptly, without warning**
* Very **colloquial**.
* Unlike 急に, which suggests a temporal shift, いきなり often emphasizes **lack of preparation** or **warning**.
* It can describe both **physical action** and **abstract change**.
| いきなり怒る・いきなり来る・いきなり倒れる
## Footnote
* 彼は**いきなり**大声を出して、みんなを驚かせた。
He *suddenly* shouted and surprised everyone.
* **いきなり**面接を受けるのは不安だ。
I'm nervous about going into the interview *cold*.
91
**わざと**
**On purpose, deliberately** [provocative/fake]
* Indicates **intentionality** with a **slightly negative** or **mischievous** undertone—often associated with doing something knowing it **might cause trouble** or **provoke**.
| わざと負ける・わざとらしい笑い・わざと言う
## Footnote
* 彼は**わざと**彼女を怒らせるようなことを言った。
He said something *on purpose* to make her angry.
* **わざとらしい**態度は逆効果だよ。
A *phony* attitude has the opposite effect, you know.
92
**とうとう**
**Finally, at last, eventually** (often after effort or anticipation)
* Used when something happens after a **buildup**, whether **expected** or **feared**.
* Often used for **emotional climaxes**: both **positive** and **negative**.
| とうとう終わる・とうとう現れる・とうとう泣き出す
## Footnote
* 長い旅を経て、**とうとう**目的地に着いた。
After a long journey, we *finally* reached our destination.
* 我慢していたが、**とうとう**彼は怒りを爆発させた。
He had been holding it in, but *eventually* exploded in anger.
93
**せいぜい**
**At most; only; do your best**
* N2 grammar point in the sense of **expressing limits** or **ceilings**.
* Often tested for nuance, especially **contrasting with どうせ** (resignation), **たった** (focus on smallness), and **いくら** (how much).
* Has two primary uses:
① To express a **limit** or **maximum estimate**, often **implying not very much** or not **more than expected**.
② To **encourage** someone, often with the meaning **"do your best (within your limits)"**.
* Often carries a tone of **realism** or **pessimism**, especially when **estimating quantities** or **effort**.
* Can **modify quantities** (number, frequency, amount).
Can appear at the **beginning of imperative** expressions: せいぜい〜しなさい (e.g. せいぜい頑張れ).
| せいぜい二万円・せいぜい年に一回・せいぜい努力する
## Footnote
* 忙しくて、旅行に行けても**せいぜい**一泊二日だ。
Even if I can manage a trip, it’ll only be a one-night stay *at most*.
* あいつの実力じゃ、**せいぜい**二回戦までだな。
With his skill, he’ll only make it to the second round *at best*.
* **せいぜい**気をつけて行ってきなさい。
Take care, and *do your best*.
94
**ついつい**
**Unintentionally; unconsciously; inadvertently** (but often repeatedly)
* Describes **accidental** or **reflexive** behavior, often due to **habit**, **desire**, or **lack of self-control**.
* Suggests **guilt** or **regret afterwards** ("*I didn’t mean to, but I did it anyway...*").
* **Conversational** and commonly paired with things like **forgetting**, **buying**, **saying**, or **eating** something.
* **Modifies verbs**, often appearing before **過ち・無意識の行動** (accidental actions).
| ついつい食べすぎる・ついつい言ってしまう・ついつい手が伸びる
## Footnote
ダイエット中なのに、**ついつい**ケーキを食べてしまった。
Even though I’m on a diet, I ended up eating cake *without thinking*.
**ついつい**口を出してしまうのが悪い癖だ。
My bad habit is that I *unintentionally* butt in.
彼女のことを思い出して、**ついつい**電話してしまった。
I thought of her and, *without meaning to*, ended up calling.
95
**今更**
| （いまさら）
**At this (late) stage; now (after so long)**
* N2 adverb, often tested in **listening** and **reading** for **tone recognition** (ironic/frustrated).
* Expresses that it's **too late** to do or say something — **frustration**, **futility**, or **irony** is often implied.
* Often paired with actions that are **irrelevant**, **redundant**, or **regretful in hindsight**.
| 今更謝っても遅い・今更言われても・今更後悔しても
## Footnote
* **今更**そんなことを言われても、困ります。
It's *too late* to be telling me that now.
* **今更**ながら、もっと勉強しておけばよかったと後悔している。
*Now, of all times,* I regret not having studied more.
96
**今に**
| （いまに）
**Sooner or later; eventually** (usually used to warn or predict)
* Expresses **inevitable future** — "*You'll see…*", "*It’s going to happen*".
* Often comes across as **ominous**, **threatening**, or **reassuring**, depending on context.
* The verb is often **present/future** tense.
* N2–N3; **tone** and **intent** are key — often appears in **speech** and **informal warning/prediction** contexts.
| 今に分かる・今に痛い目にあう・今にバレるよ
## Footnote
* そんなことばかりしていたら、**今に**ひどい目にあうよ。
If you keep doing that, something bad will happen to you *soon*.
* **今に**分かるさ。彼の言っていたことは本当だったんだって。
*You’ll see.* What he said was true.
97
**今にも**
| （いまにも）
**At any moment; just about to**
* Used when something seems **imminent**, especially **visible** or **dramatic change** (e.g. *starting to cry, explode, collapse*).
* Typically appears with **verbs of onset** or **transition** in **potential** or **volitional** form.
* N2 listening/reading — often paired with **〜そうだ** to test **prediction language**.
| 今にも泣き出しそう・今にも雨が降りそう・今にも倒れそう
## Footnote
* 子どもは**今にも**泣き出しそうな顔をしていた。
The child looked like he would burst into tears *at any moment*.
* 空が暗くなって、**今にも**雨が降りそうだ。
The sky’s dark — it’s *about to* rain any minute.
98
**いわば**
**So to speak; as it were** [Explanation / Clarification]
* [いわば] + **statement**/**analogy**
* Used to **introduce a figurative expression** or **analogy** to **explain** something in a **clearer** or **more relatable** way.
* Used when offering **metaphors** or **conceptual simplifications**, especially in **explanations** or **formal discussions**.
| いわば〜のようなもの・いわば例えるなら〜
## Footnote
* 彼は**いわば**現代の侍だ。
He is, *so to speak*, a modern-day samurai.
99
**かなり**
**Considerably; fairly; quite** [Degree / Emphasis]
* [かなり] + **adjective**/**verb**/**adverb**
* Expresses a **relatively high degree** of something, without reaching an extreme.
* Softer than とても or 非常に, but stronger than 少し.
| かなりの数・かなり前に
## Footnote
* この問題は**かなり**難しい。
This problem is *quite* difficult.
100
**相当**
| （そうとう）
**Considerably; quite; appropriate** [Degree / Evaluation]
* [相当] + **noun** / **adjective** / **verb**
* Similar to かなり but often carries a **slightly more formal** or **objective** tone; can also mean *“appropriate to”* in some contexts.
* Used in **writing** or **formal speech** to give weight to **evaluations** or **assessments**.
| 相当なダメージ・相当の金額
## Footnote
* 彼の怪我は**相当**ひどいらしい。
His injury is apparently *quite* serious.
101
**思わず**
**Unintentionally; reflexively; instinctively** [Emotion / Reaction]
* [思わず] + **verb** (usually in **past** or **volitional** form)
* Emphasizes a **reaction** or **action** that happens **without conscious intention**, often due to **surprise** or **emotion**.
* Think of surprise or **emotional reflex**; often used when something *“slips out.”*
| 思わず〜してしまう・思わず声を出す
## Footnote
* 彼の話に**思わず**涙が出た。
I *instinctively* teared up at his story.
102
**間違いなく**
| （まちがいなく）
**Without a doubt; certainly** [Certainty / Emphasis]
* [間違いなく] + **statement**
* Expresses **confidence** or **certainty**, often backed by **evidence** or **logic**.
* **Stronger** than たぶん or おそらく.
* Used when asserting something **strongly** and **confidently**.
| 間違いなく〜だろう・間違いなく正しい
103
**一時的に**
| （いちじてきに）
**Temporarily; for a short time; fleeting** [Time / Duration]
* [一時的に] + **verb**/**adjective**
* Refers to something that is **limited in duration**, often in **contrast** to something **permanent**.
* Often used in **formal** contexts like **notices**, **explanations**, or **reports**.
| 一時的な感情・一時的な中断
## Footnote
* サービスは**一時的に**停止されています。
The service is *temporarily* suspended.
104
**ちっとも（〜ない）**
**Not at all; not in the slightest** [Negation / Emphasis]
* ちっとも + **negative verb** or **negative adjective**
* Emphasizes a **total lack** of something; expresses **frustration**, **disbelief**, or **emphasis** on **no change**.
* **Conversational** and often **emotional**.
* Always used with a **negative form**.
* **Stronger** and **more colloquial** than 全然.
| ちっとも分からない・ちっとも良くならない
## Footnote
* 約束したのに、**ちっとも**来**ない**。
He *hasn’t come at all*, even though he promised.
105
**相変わらず**
| （あいかわらず）
**As always; as ever; the same as before** [Temporal / Habitual State]
* 相変わらず + **verb** / **noun phrase**.
* Expresses the idea that **something hasn’t changed** (**positively** or **negatively**).
* Can show **nostalgia**, **criticism**, or **admiration** depending on tone.
* Use when commenting on an **unchanged situation**, often with a hint of **familiarity** or **expectation**.
| 相変わらずの態度・相変わらず忙しい
## Footnote
* 彼は**相変わらず**元気だ。
He’s as energetic as ever.
106
**あいにく**
**Unfortunately; I’m afraid that...** [Polite Regret / Formal Apology]
* あいにく + **clause** / **formal expression**
* A **polite**, **slightly formal** way to express **regret** or **inconvenience**—often used in **customer service** or **formal apologies**.
* **Avoid** in **casual** speech unless **playfully ironic**.
| あいにくですが〜・あいにくの雨
## Footnote
* **あいにく**担当者は外出しております。
I’m *afraid* the person in charge is out at the moment.
107
**あくまで（も）**
**To the end; persistently; purely** (in the sense of principle or scope) [Attitude / Limitation / Emphasis]
* あくまで（も）+ **personal stance** / **limit**-setting phrase.
* Expresses **persistence**, **strict adherence** to a **stance**, or **insistence** on a **limit** or **boundary**—can convey either **principle** or **insistence**.
* Use when **clarifying a boundary** or **reinforcing** a **viewpoint**/**principle**.
| あくまでも主観的な見方・あくまで断る
## Footnote
* それは**あくまで**彼の意見にすぎない。
That’s *nothing more than* his opinion.
[Indicating viewpoint, but also boundary reinforced between his opinion and fact/professional opinion]
108
**改めて**
| （あらためて）
**Again; re- [...]; once more** (with a fresh mind or change of stance) [Time / Formal Repetition]
* 改めて + **verb**/**statement**
* Emphasizes a **renewed** or more **deliberate** action—either after **reflection** or when **redoing** something **properly** or **formally**.
* Often used in **formal writing**, **apologies**, **speeches**, or when **re-doing** something properly.
| 改めて考える・改めてお知らせします
## Footnote
* **改めて**感謝申し上げます。
I’d like to express my gratitude once again.
109
**一斉**
| （いっせい）
**All at once; simultaneously**
* 一斉に + **verb**
* Emphasizes **coordinated**, **simultaneous action** by **multiple agents**.
* Often used with **movement**, **responses**, or **announcements**.
* Use when describing **multiple** people or things **acting in perfect synchrony**.
| 一斉にスタートする・一斉に笑い出す・一斉に通知が届く
## Footnote
* 花火が**一斉に**打ち上げられた。
The fireworks were launched *all at once*.
110
**一層**
| （いっそう）
**Even more; further; all the more** [Degree / Intensification]
* 一層 + **adjective** / **verb** / **noun modifier**
* Strengthens **degree** of a **quality**—like saying *“more than before”* or *“further intensified.”*
* Often used in **writing** or **formal** contexts.
* Use to **contrast** a **current state** with a **previous one**; often **interchangeable** with **よりいっそう** in formal writing.
| 一層の努力・一層美しくなる・気温が一層下がる
111
**一掃**
| （いっそう）
**Complete removal; sweeping away** (of bad elements, people, clutter, etc.) [Change / Removal / Resolution]
* **一掃する** (as a **verb**/**adverbial** phrase)
* Implies **decisive**, **forceful clearing** away of **problems**, **inefficiencies**, or **remnants**—can sound **political**, **strategic**, or **corporate**.
* Most often appears in **written** or **formal** language; often **paired with abstract** or **negative targets** (e.g. 不満, 敵, 問題).
| 不満を一掃する・敵を一掃する・悪習の一掃
## Footnote
* 政府は腐敗の**一掃**を目指している。
The government aims *to sweep away* corruption.
112
**大いに**
| （おおいに）
**Greatly; very much; to a large extent** [Degree / Emphasis]
* 大いに + **verb**
* Emphasizes **intensity** or **high degree** of something—can refer to **enthusiasm**, **support**, **possibility**, or **effect**.
* **Polite** but **expressive**.
* Use when emphasizing **enthusiasm** or **importance**—**stronger** and **more formal** than とても or かなり.
| 大いに期待する・大いに喜ぶ・大いに可能性がある
## Footnote
* この本は**大いに**役に立った。
This book was *extremely* helpful.
113
**主に**
| （おもに）
**Mainly; primarily** [Focus / Emphasis on proportion]
* 主に + **noun**/**verb phrase**
* Highlights the **dominant** or **primary aspect** among several; **neutral** and **factual** in tone.
* Used in **academic**, **journalistic**, or **explanatory** writing.
* **Synonyms** include **多くは** and **大部分は**, but **主に** is **more neutral** and **efficient**.
| 主に使われている・主に学生を対象にする・主に日本で生産される
## Footnote
* 会議は**主に**経費について話し合った。
The meeting was *mainly* about expenses.
114
**幾分**
| （いくぶん）
**Somewhat; to some extent**
* 幾分 + **adjective** / **noun** / **verb** [Degree / Approximation]
* Indicates a **small**, **measurable change** or **degree**—**less definite** than 一層 or かなり.
* Often used with **softening language**.
* Use when you want to **soften a judgment** or describe **slight improvement** or **reduction**.
| 幾分ましだ・幾分よくなった・幾分の違い
## Footnote
* 今日は**幾分**寒さが和らいでいる。
It’s *somewhat* milder today.
115
**偶然**
| （ぐうぜん）
**By chance; accidentally; coincidentally** [Cause / Timing]
* 偶然 + verb / 偶然にも
* Describes something happening **unexpectedly**, **without planning**—**neutral** to **positive** tone depending on **context**.
* Often used when **events feel fated** or **fortuitous**.
* Use 偶然にも for **emphasis** in **formal writing**.
| 偶然出会う・偶然見つける・偶然にも起こる
## Footnote
* 駅で**偶然**昔の友人に会った。
I *happened to* meet an old friend at the station.
116
**現に**
| （げんに）
**Actually; as a matter of fact; in reality** [Evidence / Emphasis]
* 現に + **verb/phrase**
* Used to **support** an **argument** or **statement** with a **real**, **observable** **fact**—**assertive** tone.
* Often used **rhetorically** to **counter doubt** or **highlight proof**.
* **Close** in usage **to 実際に**, but **more argumentative**.
| 現に存在する・現に起こっている・現に私が見た
## Footnote
* **現に**彼は成功しているじゃないか。
He *actually* has succeeded, hasn’t he?
117
**再三**
| （さいさん）
**Repeatedly; time and again** [Frequency / Emphasis]
* 再三（にわたって／の）+ **verb**
* Emphasizes **persistence** or **recurrence** of an action, often implying **annoyance** or **urgency**.
* **Formal** or **written** tone.
* Often found in **complaints** or **formal documents** (**petitions**, **demands**, **reports**).
| 再三再四（さいさんさいし）・再三要求する・再三電話する
## Footnote
* **再三**注意したのに、彼は聞かなかった。
Even though I warned him *many times*, he didn’t listen.
118
**さっさと**
**Quickly; without delay; briskly**
* さっさと + **verb** (**imperative** or **voluntary**)
* **Implies** someone should **stop dawdling** and act **promptly**—can sound **scolding** or **encouraging**.
* Common in **casual** speech, especially to **urge action**.
* Close to 早く but carries a **slightly more forceful** nuance.
| さっさと出発する・さっさと帰る・さっさと逃げる
## Footnote
* 宿題を**さっさと**片付けなさい！
*Hurry up* and finish your homework!
119
**さっぱり**
（＋ない／する）
**① Completely; not at all (with negation)**
**② Refreshed / neat / light (taste or feeling) (usu. with する)**
* **With negation:** implies **total lack** of something (e.g. さっぱり分からない).
* **Descriptively:** indicates something is **clean**, **light**, or **mentally refreshing**.
* **Double meaning adverb**—**context** will determine which. ***“Completely not X”*** vs ***“clean/light/refreshing”***.
**Be attentive to polarity:** **negated verb **= *total absence*, **no negation** = *positive meaning*.
| さっぱり分からない・味がさっぱりしている・気分がさっぱりする
## Footnote
**①** この問題は**さっぱり**分からない。
I don’t understand this *at all*.
**②** シャワーを浴びて**さっぱり**した。
I feel *refreshed* after the shower.
120
**特急**
| （とっきゅう）
**On the express train; by special express** [Mode of travel]
* 特急で + **verb** (esp. **travel-related**)
* Not always used as an adverb, but in adverbial constructions it refers to **travel by express train**.
* Though a noun, it **behaves adverbially in travel contexts**.
* Often **paired with で** to indicate **speed**/**mode of transport**.
| 特急で移動する・特急に乗る・特急料金
## Footnote
* 東京まで**特急で**行きました。
I went to Tokyo by *express train*.
121
**〜だけでも**
**Even just X; only X is enough to…** [Limitation + Emotional Emphasis]
* noun + だけでも + **result** or **emotional reaction**
* Use when **small exposure = strong reaction**.
* Often appears in **emotionally charged** or **dramatic language**.
| 見ただけでも驚く・聞くだけでも怖い・触っただけでも痛い
## Footnote
* 名前を聞いた**だけでも**、涙が出る。
*Even just* hearing the name makes me cry.
122
**とはいえ**
| （とは言え）
**Having said that / Nevertheless / Even so**
* **Concessive** phrase—**acknowledges** something **but presents a counterpoint**.
* Often used to **soften contradiction** or **qualify** a **statement**.
* **Written** or **semi-formal** tone.
* Similar to それでも or 〜にしても but often has a more **reasoned** or **modest** feel.
| とはいえ、〜・忙しいとはいえ、〜・寒いとはいえ、〜
## Footnote
* 忙しい**とはいえ**、家族との時間も大切にしたい。
*Even though* I’m busy, I still want to value time with my family.
123
**依然**（として）
| （いぜん）
**Still / As yet (unchanged)**
* **Formal** or **literary** tone.
* Indicates a **state continuing unchanged**, often when **change was expected**.
* Often used with **negative outcomes**: 依然解決していない (***still*** unresolved), etc.
* Similar to いまだに but more **formal**.
| 依然として〜・依然不明・依然危険・依然寒い
## Footnote
* 原因は**依然として**不明のままだ。
The cause *still* remains unknown.
124
**直に**
| （じきに・じかに）
**Soon / Before long / Directly**
* When read as **じきに**: **temporal meaning** (*soon*); じきに is **interchangeable with まもなく**.
* When read as **じかに**: **spatial** or *interpersonal directness*; じかに is **interchangeable with 直接**.
| じきに来る・じきに終わる／じかに見る・じかに話す
## Footnote
* 社長が**じきに**こちらに来られます。
The company president will be here *shortly*.
* その作品を**じかに**見て感動した。
I was deeply moved seeing the work *in person*.
125
**至急**
| （しきゅう）
**Urgently / As soon as possible**
* **Business**/**formal** adverb to **request immediate action**.
* Often found in **business emails** or **notices**.
* Similar to **早急**（そうきゅう）but **more direct** and **urgent**.
| 至急連絡ください・至急対応・至急戻る・至急確認
## Footnote
* **至急**、書類を提出してください。
Please submit the documents *urgently*.
126
**始終**
| （しじゅう）
**Constantly / All the time / Throughout**
* Suggests **persistence** or **continuity**, often with a **slightly negative** or **critical** tone.
* Often implies **excessive** or **annoying repetition**.
* More frequent in **spoken language** than literary.
| 始終泣いている・始終電話している・始終笑っていた
## Footnote
* 会議中、彼は**始終**スマホを見ていた。
During the meeting, he was *constantly* on his phone.
127
**順々**
| （じゅんじゅん）
**In order / One by one**
* Indicates **sequential**, **orderly progress** or action.
* Often **interchangeable with 一つずつ・順番に** but slightly **more formal** or **controlled**.
**Not to be confused with 順次 (しゅんじ, in order; sequential)**, which appears more in official/formal contexts.
| 順々に説明する・順々に対応。順々に処理される
## Footnote
* **順々に**名前を呼んでください。
Please call the names *one by one*.
128
**すっと**
**Smoothly; quietly; quickly; refreshed**
* Often used to describe something **happening without resistance** (e.g., pain **disappearing**, someone entering a room **quietly**, emotions **dissipating**).
* Can also refer to **emotional** or **physical relief**.
| 気分がすっとする・すっと立ち上がる・部屋にすっと入る
## Footnote
* 緊張していたが、彼の言葉で気分が**すっと**した。
I was nervous, but his words put my mind *at ease*.
* ドアが開いて、彼が**すっと**入ってきた。
The door opened and he *slid in*.
129
**精々**
| （せいぜい）
**At most; at best**
* Indicates the upper limit of effort, quantity, or expectation.
* Often used to downplay or modestly estimate something.
| 精々５千円・精々頑張っても
## Footnote
* 今月の貯金は**精々**１万円くらいだろう。
My savings this month will be around 10,000 yen *at most*.
* 遅くても**精々**１０分の遅れだと思うよ。
*At most* I think I'll be around 10 minutes late.
130
**せっせと**
**Diligently; steadily**
* Implies **working hard** and **persistently**, **without rest**.
* Commonly used for **manual labor** or **repetitive tasks**.
| せっせと働く・せっせと通う
## Footnote
* 子供のために、彼はせっせと働いている。
He works *hard* for his children.
* せっせと宿題を片付けた。
He *diligently* finished his homework.
* 家の中を**せっせと**掃除していたら、古いアルバムを見つけた。
While I was *busy* cleaning the house, I found an old photo album.
131
**是非とも**
| （ぜひとも）
**By all means; absolutely; without fail**
* Stronger than 是非 alone.
* Expresses **strong desire** or **insistence**.
| 是非とも〜たい
## Footnote
* **是非とも**会いたい。
I *absolutely* want to meet.
* **是非とも**成功させたい
I want to succeed *by all means*.
* **是非とも**この機会に挑戦してみたい。
I would *certainly love to* take this opportunity to try it.
* あなたに**是非とも**お願いしたいことがあります。
There is something I would *really* like to ask of you.
132
**続々**
| （ぞくぞく）
**One after another; successively**
* Used to describe **continuous** or **repeated actions/events**, usually involving people or things **arriving**.
| 続々と到着する・続々と登場する
## Footnote
* 来場者が**続々と**入ってきた。
Visitors continued to *stream in*.
* 新しい製品が**続々と**発表された。
New products were announced *one after another*.
133
**そっくり**
**① Exactly like; entirely; just like** [physical resemblance]
**② Being left untouched** [state]
| 顔がそっくり・そっくり残す
## Footnote
* 彼は父親に**そっくり**だ。
He looks *just like* his father.
* 食べ物を**そっくり**残した。
The food was *left untouched*.
134
**大した**（〜ない）
| （たいした）
**Great; significant; considerable** // **Not much; trivial**
* Can be used **positively** or **negatively**.
* Often in negative constructions to mean “not much”, "something trivial".
| 大した人物 – an impressive person
## Footnote
* **大した**ことない。
It's *no big deal*. / It's trivial.
* **大した**ケガではなかったので、安心した。
I was relieved to find out that it *wasn't* a *serious* injury.
* 彼の知識は**大した**ものだ。
His knowledge is *impressive*.
135
**大層**
| （たいそう）
**Very; greatly; extremely**
* **Formal** or **old-fashioned** tone.
* Emphasizes a **high degree**, often with a slightly **dramatic** tone.
| 大層なお世辞 = excessive/extravagant flattery
## Footnote
* **大層**なおもてなしを受けた。
I received *great* hospitality.
* 彼は**大層**うれしそうに話していた。
* He spoke with *great* jubilance.
136
**大分**
| （だいぶ・だいぶん）
**Considerably; rather; quite**
* Indicates a significant degree of **change**, **progress**, or **difference**.
| 大分良くなった・大分前に
## Footnote
* 風邪は**大分**よくなりました。
My cold has improved *considerably*.
* 日本語の勉強にも**大分**慣れてきた。
I'm getting *a lot more* used to studying Japanese.
137
**絶えず**
| （たえず）
**Constantly; continuously**
* Emphasizes something **happening without interruption**, often **natural phenomena** or **emotional states**.
| 絶えず流れる
## Footnote
* 勉強に対して**絶えず**努力する。
I *continually* put in effort with my studies.
* この川は**絶えず**水が流れている。
The river flows *continuously*.
* 成功のためには、**絶えず**学ぶ姿勢が必要だ。
In order to succeed, you need an attitude of *constantly* learning.
138
**多少**
| （たしょう）
**A little; somewhat; to some extent**
* Indicates a **small but noticeable** degree.
* **More formal** than 少し and often used in **writing** or **polite speech**.
| 多少の誤差・多少の違いがある・多少は我慢しなさい
## Footnote
* **多少**無理をしてでも、このプロジェクトを成功させたい。
Even if I have to push myself *a bit*, I want this project to succeed.
139
**たった**
**Only; just** (emphasizing small quantity or number)
* Strong **emotional emphasis** on the **insufficiency** or **smallness** of something.
| たった一人・たった五分
## Footnote
* **たった**これだけ？
Is this really all?
* **たった**一言で彼を傷つけてしまった。
I hurt him with *just one* word.
140
**たった今**
| （〜た・〜たところだ）
**Just now; a moment ago**
* Used to refer to a **very recent action** or **event** — often used with **past tense** verbs.
## Footnote
* **たった今**帰ったところだ。
I got back *just now*.
* **たった今**連絡があった。
There was a call *just now*.
* **たった今**、メールを送ったところです。
I just sent the email *a moment ago*.
141
**単に**
| （たんに）
**Merely; simply; just**
* Used to emphasize that something is nothing more than what is stated — can often contrast expectation vs. reality.
142
**着々**
| （ちゃくちゃく）
**Steadily; surely and steadily**
* Often positive, describing consistent and stable progress.
| 着々と進む・着々と準備が整っている
## Footnote
* 計画は**着々と**進んでいる。
The plan is *steadily* moving forward.
143
**ついで（に）**
**Incidentally; on the occasion; while you're at it**
* Refers to doing something while doing something else, **taking advantage of the opportunity**.
| ついでに〜する = do ~ while you're at it
## Footnote
* 出かけた**ついでに**郵便局に寄った。
I *stopped by* the post office *while I was out*.
* コンビニに行く**ついでに**、牛乳を買ってきてくれない？
*While you’re* going to the convenience store, *could you* pick up some milk?
144
**遂に**
| （ついに）
**Finally; at last; in the end**
* **Strong**, often **dramatic** tone — **culmination after a long time or process.**
* Can be positive or negative.
| 遂に完成した・遂に別れることになった
## Footnote
* 長年の夢が**遂に**実現した。
A dream of many years has *finally* come true.
145
**点々**
| （てんてん）
**Here and there; scattered** (often visual/physical)
* Often describes **scattered marks**, **spots**, or **small objects**.
## Footnote
* 血が**点々と**落ちていた。
There were drops of blood were *scattered about*.
* 店が**点々と**並んでいる。
There are shops are *scattered along* the street.
* 地図には観光地が**点々と**記されている。
The tourist sites are *marked here and there* on the map.
146
**転々と**
| （てんてんと）
**Moving from place to place**
* Implies **repeated movement** from **one location to another**, often **unwilling** or **due to instability**.
| 転々と職を変える・転々と引っ越す
## Footnote
* 子供の頃、父の仕事の関係で**転々と**暮らしていた。
As a child, I *moved around frequently* due to my father’s job.
jlpt
flashcards
Decks in class (13)
# Cards
