What core similarities do CBT approaches share?
Structured, goal-focused, present-focused, skills + homework.
Difference between Cognitive Therapy and CBT w/ restructuring?
CT targets thoughts directly; other CBTs rely more on behavior change.
Controversy about cognitive restructuring?
Change in thoughts may not be necessary for emotional/behavioral change.
What are the ABCs?
A = Event, B = Belief, C = Emotion/behavior.
Main implication of ABC model?
Beliefs—not events—cause emotional reactions.
What are core beliefs?
Deep, central beliefs about self/world.
What are automatic thoughts?
Quick, situation-specific thoughts.
What are underlying assumptions?
Rules like “If X happens, then Y must be true.”
Components of Socratic dialogue?
Guided questions, examine evidence, explore alternatives.
Four characteristics of a psychological intervention?
Structured, theory-based, targets thoughts/emotions/behaviors, reduces distress.
Four tools in psychotherapy?
Techniques, relationship, homework, psychoeducation.
Efficacy vs. effectiveness?
Efficacy = ideal lab; effectiveness = real-world.
Limitations of Consumer Reports survey?
No controls, self-selection, self-report.
EBTs vs. EBPP?
EBTs = validated treatments; EBPP = research + expertise + patient values.
Three APA EBT categories?
Well-established, probably efficacious, experimental.
Response to “Psychotherapy is an art”?
Art + science; must be tested.
Response to “Too hard to measure scientifically”?
RCTs show psychotherapy is measurable.
What is the common factors argument?
Therapy works mainly through alliance/empathy/hope.
Evidence for common factors?
Alliance predicts outcomes; similar effects across therapies.
Problems with common factors argument?
Overgeneralizes; some disorders need specific treatments.
Six general phases of therapy?
Assessment, goals, plan, treatment, monitoring, termination.
Six ACT subprocesses?
Acceptance, defusion, present-moment, self-as-context, values, action.
ACT’s overriding goal?
Psychological flexibility.
How ACT differs from most therapy?
Focuses on values/flexibility, not symptom reduction.
