Aerobic Performance

Question 1

aerobic E sys:
1. aerobic activity
2. main source of E

Answer 1

1. cardiovascular endurance activities, tasks you can sustain over time
2. sustain activity w/O2, breathe faster and deeper than normal, increase HR and BF to working muscles to supply with O2 and back to lungs

Question 2

1. max aerobic power
2. aerobic capacity
3. why hard to measure directly

Answer 2

1. highest amt of chem E transformed in aerobic machinery of mitochondria/unit time, measured as maximal O2 uptake (VO2max)
2. total chem E available for aerobic work, measured using surrogate variables like endurance performance, time to exhaust, or biochem indicators
3. hard to assess in children bc have to push to max (ethics)

Question 3

1. max aerobic power limitations
2. VO2max test

Answer 3

1. influenced by anaerobic E production, hard to isolate, when low to mod intensity or when it lasts for 8 or more mins, anaerobic E production influence is small
2. maximal exercise test on treadmill/bike by comparing O2 used during exercise and CO2 expelled, accurate measurement of current cardioresp fitness, effectiveness of training program, predict maximal steady-state speed or wattage

Question 4

1. measurement issues of VO2max in children and strategy
2. age and challenges
3. protocols

Answer 4

1. hard to maximally exercise, important to obtain full cooperatiion from child, explain using age appropriate terms, familiarization to protocol and equipment, and encouragement
2. effective for 8+ y/o, challenging for younger children bc req child to follow fixed cadence and excessive increments of work rate
3. same ergometers used for all ages, physically move seat and pedal shaft to size, metronome/gamification to obtain constant cadance

Question 5

VO2max
1. treadmill vs. cycle ergometer
2. arm vs. cycle ergometer
3. treadmill and children
4. attention

Answer 5

1. treadmill uses larger muscle mass, 10% lower VO2max for cycling
2. 60-70% lower on arm than cycling bc low amount of muscle mass worked
3. for children under 10, familiarization trials to reduce risk of tripping, req spotter, and some children will terminate test prematurely for fear of failure
4. limit to 8-10 mins for children bc have short attention spans and increase work rates carefully

Question 6

achieving max O2 uptake:
1. in adults
2. in children

Answer 6

1. HR of 220 bpm - age, respiratory exchange ratio of 1.05 or higher, plateau in VO2 despite increase in work
2. often achieve HR and RER but 40-50% achieve plateau, children who do achieve plateau have higher Vo2

Question 7

cardiovascular response during aerobic exercise
1. Fick equation
2. dimensions of heart

Answer 7

1. VO2 = HR * SV (CaO2-CvO2) > O2 in arterial and venous blood
2. increase size of heart with age, increase size, increase SV so even though HR decrease with age have increased CO

Question 8

economy of movement
1. def
2. in children
3. stride length
4. co-activation

Answer 8

1. metabolic cost of task
2. at same running speed for ages 7-16, younger children have higher O2 cost
3. higher mech cost of locomotion due to shorter stride and greater freq of strides, req more chem E
4. for younger children, not efficient with muscles req co-activation, monitor activation with EMG, when muscle group contracts, antagonist muscle group relaxes, when co-contraction is excessive, increase E cost

Question 9

1. factors of maximal aerobic power
2. max HR changes
3. lung function changes

Answer 9

1. primary sources = sex, body size, maturity status; other source = struc, physi, biochem factors assoc with aerobic E output
2. max HR highest in children at 195-205 bpm, max HR declines with age beginning at puberty
3. max pulmonary ventilation increase with age, double at 8 y/o, children have higher breathing freq but less breathing vo and lower capacity of O2 transport sys

Question 10

high VO2max and use of VO2max

Answer 10

high VO2max is good predictor of athletic performance, benchmark to track progress and determine cardiorespiratory fitness