Four forces of flight?
Lift, weight, thrust, drag.
Left-turning tendencies (prop singles)?
Torque, P-factor, spiraling slipstream, gyroscopic precession.
Stall defined as?
Exceeding critical angle of attack.
Factors increasing stall speed?
Higher weight, forward CG, bank/load factor, contamination (ice), turbulence.
Density altitude increases when?
Higher temperature, higher altitude, lower pressure, higher humidity.
Best glide speed purpose?
Max distance over ground for altitude lost (engine-out).
Ground effect?
Reduced induced drag within about one wingspan of the surface, can cause early liftoff/float.
Va (maneuvering speed) use?
Max speed to make full abrupt control inputs without structural damage; decreases with weight decrease.
Parasite vs induced drag with speed?
Parasite increases with speed; induced decreases with speed.
How does aft CG affect stability and performance?
Less stable, lower stall speed, better cruise; can be harder to recover from stall/spin.
Icing effect on performance?
Increases stall speed, drag; decreases lift, climb, and range.
Why lean mixture at altitude?
Air less dense; prevents overly rich mixture, restores power and economy.
What is Calibrated Airspeed?
IAS corrected for installation and instrument error.
IAS stands for Indicated Airspeed.
What is True Airspeed?
CAS corrected for altitude and temperature.
CAS stands for Calibrated Airspeed.
What is Groundspeed?
Actual speed over the ground; TAS corrected for wind.
TAS stands for True Airspeed.
What does the white arc on the ASI represent?
Flap operating range. Lower = stall in landing config. Upper = max flap extension.
What does the green arc represent?
Normal operating range. Lower = stall clean. Upper = max structural cruise.
What does the yellow arc represent?
Caution range. Only in smooth air, with caution.
What does the red line represent?
Never exceed speed.
What is Vso?
Stall speed in landing config, full flaps.
What is Vfe?
Maximum flap extended speed.
What is Vs1?
Stall speed in clean configuration.
What is Vno?
Maximum structural cruising speed.
What is Vne?
Never exceed speed.
