What was the crowd’s reaction to Caesar?
- People were outraged, saw Caesar as a caring patron
Who was to succeed Caesar?
Lepidus(magister Equitum) and Antonius (consul) were to succeed Caesar as Pontifex
What were Atonius’ proposals?
a. All Caesar’s measures as dictator remain valid
b. NO effort be made to punish the assassins
How does Gaius Octavius relate with Caesar?
- Grandnephew, closest male relative
- Father Octavius was a senator/novus homo who died naturally
What is Gaius Octavius’ new name and why?
- Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
Immediately after Caesar’s death, what do Lepidus and Antony do?
- Lepidus: tries to succeed Caesar as Pontifex Maximus and leads to take up governorship in Spain
- Antony is in Rome (consul)
Describe Octavian’s arrival
- May 44 he gathers support
- Support helped by negative mood towards assassins (Brutus and Cassius)
- Antony is baffled by Octavian’s support
What do Brutus, Cassius, and Antony do upon Octavian’s arrival?
- Brutus and Cassius leave for the east (governors of Crete and Syrene)
- Antony leaves early to Cisalpine Gaul and besieges Decimus Brutus in Mutina (governor there)
What does Cicero ask of Octavian?
Asks Octavian to use private army to eliminate Antony (most conspirators wanted to eliminate Antony). They ask him to become senator, make him pro-praetor, and take the two consuls in 43 to relieve Decimus Brutus
What happens between Octavian and Brutus/Antony?
- Octavian agrees to relieve the siege
- They drive off Antony but aren’t strong enough to pursue Antony (both consuls killed in battle). Antony links up with Lepidus against the Senate
- With both consuls dead, senate tells Octavian to hand over troops to Decimus Brutus, but Octavian gets all the troops at Mutina to follow him.
- Octavian says he needs lands for his troops. Senate says no, so Octavian marches on Rome.
- By August 43, Octavian is consul with relative who happens to die.
What does Octavian to when he becomes consul?
- Octavian turns to Antony and Lepidus so that the three can deal with Brutus and Cassius –> 2nd Triumvirate (legal, not secret)
- Have proscriptions (Cicero killed)
- 42 BC - defies Caesar as a God
What is the decision at the beginning for the Second Triumvirate?
- Antony takes Gaul
- Lepidus has Spain
- Octavian has Africa, Sardinia, Sicily
- No longer enemies
What was the Battle at Philippi?
- Antony and Octavian try to defeat Brutus and Cassius
- October 42 - Brutus and Cassius defeated
- Antony as military victor
- Assassination is avenged
What were Antony’s assignments for the triumvirate after Philippi?
- Antony gets possess ion of the East
- He gets captivated with Cleopatra and gets Egypt’s resources; has two twin girls with Cleopatra in 40 and a son in 36
- His legates took care of invaders of Macedonia and the Parthians.
- now, he concentrates on a large-scale invasion of Parthia in 37, which is a disaster.
- Goes back to East in 34 to occupy Armenia (more successful)
What did Antony do regarding Cleopatra
- 34, “Donations of Alexandria” - land distributed to Cleopatra, Caesarian, and 3 children.
- Octavian accuses Cleopatra for being a threat to Rome
What happens when Octavian arranges for veteran settlement after Philippi?
100K veterans
- Revolt led by Antony’s wife and brother (consul in 41)
- Octavian traps Antony’s wife and Brother in Perusia. They both die naturally, and he wins the Perusian War.
- Governor in Gaul then dies, and Octavian takes charge
What is the meeting in Brundisium?
- In 40, Triumvirs meet in Brundisium to reassign territories
- Antony has east
Octavian has west - Lepidus has Africa
- Antony marries Octavian’s sister Octavia
How does Octavian deal with the problems in the West?
- Sexts Pompeius at Misenum, Campania - he agrees to marry one of Sextus’ females
- Results in the one child Octavian ever has –> Julia
- IN 39, he loses naval battle against SExtus Pompey
- Tarentum
- In 36, naval battle at Naulochus.Octavian wins (helped by Agrippa and Lepidus)
What happens at Tarentum?
37BC, Triumvirate meets at Tarentum to renew the Triumvirate for 5 more years
- Antony lends Octavian ships to fight SExtus. Octavian agrees to send land troops to Antony
Who is Agrippa? How does he help?
- Agrippa helps Octavian at Naulochus
What happens with Octavian after he controls the west (after Naulochus?) Concerns Lepidus.
- Lepidus wants to take over, but Octavian convinces Lepidus’ troops to join him instead.
- Octavian lets Lepidus live as Pontifex Meximus, but tells him to go to exit
- Battle of Naulochus eliminates Lepidus
Now that Octavian controls west, what does he do with Antony?
- Antony in 32 sends letter of divorce to Octavia
- Octavian shows Antony’s will from the Vestal Virgins and reads in the Senate (die/buried in Egypt with Cleopatra)
- Octavian declares war on Cleopatra
What is the last war between the struggle of Cleopatra/Antony and Octavian?
31; naval battle at Actium
- Agrippa easily wins
- Antony and Cleopatra flee back to Alexandria
- Octavian invades Egypts in 30 to besiege Alexandria
- Antony commits suicide
- Eventually, Cleopatra (captured) takes her own life)
- By the end of the summer of 30, he is in sole control of Rome after 14 years.
What happens to Cleopatra’s childreN?
- Two daughters by Antony are taken care of by Octavia
- Caesarion executed by Octavian
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Rome's Public Affairs55
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Roman Army17
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Punic Wars35
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Tribunes39
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Rome's fortunes from Gracchus' death21
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After Gaius Gracchus - Sulla26
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Governing Provinces5
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Mithridates21
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After Pompey returns16
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After 1st Triumvirate31
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After Caesar's death24
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Roman religion19
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Octavian as sole35
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Succession of Emperors35
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After Pax Romana28
