AKI

Question 1

Match the most appropriate investigation that will help identify the cause of renal disease: A. A patient presented with ARF, chest symptoms, urine dipstick showed blood +++& protein+++ 1. Plasma osmolality 2. Urine microscopy looking for white cell casts, urine culture 3. Renal angiogram 4. Physical examination & bladder scan 5. Urine Bence-Jones protein 6. Renal Biopsy 7. Immunoglobulin electrophoresis 8. Anion Gap 9. Urinary Na

Answer 1

6. Renal Biopsy

Question 2

Match the most appropriate investigation that will help identify the cause of renal disease: B. Patient presented with ARF, fever, night sweats, dysuria, & loin pain 1. Plasma osmolality 2. Urine microscopy looking for white cell casts, urine culture 3. Renal angiogram 4. Physical examination & bladder scan 5. Urine Bence-Jones protein 6. Renal Biopsy 7. Immunoglobulin electrophoresis 8. Anion Gap 9. Urinary Na

Answer 2

2) Urine microscopy looking for white cell casts, urine culture

Question 3

Match the most appropriate investigation that will help identify the cause of renal disease: C. An elderly patient developing ARF 4 days after elective knee replacement 1. Plasma osmolality 2. Urine microscopy looking for white cell casts, urine culture 3. Renal angiogram 4. Physical examination & bladder scan 5. Urine Bence-Jones protein 6. Renal Biopsy 7. Immunoglobulin electrophoresis 8. Anion Gap 9. Urinary Na

Answer 3

9) Urinary Na

Question 4

Match the most appropriate investigation that will help identify the cause of renal disease: D. Patient with symptoms of poor stream, dribbling hesitancy and nocturia developing a gradual rise of serum urea & creatinine 1. Plasma osmolality 2. Urine microscopy looking for white cell casts, urine culture 3. Renal angiogram 4. Physical examination & bladder scan 5. Urine Bence-Jones protein 6. Renal Biopsy 7. Immunoglobulin electrophoresis 8. Anion Gap 9. Urinary Na

Answer 4

4) Physical examination & bladder scan

Question 5

• Chose the electrolyte abnormality likely to be associated with the following clinical conditions A. ARF after a marathon run 1. Hypernatremia 2. Metabolic acidosis 3. Hypomagneseamia 4. Hyponatremia 5. Hypocalcamia 6. Hyperkalaemia 7. Hypercalcaemia 8. Hypokalaemia 9. Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 5

5) Hypocalcaemia

Question 6

• Chose the electrolyte abnormality likely to be associated with the following clinical conditions B. Recovery phase of ARF due to rhabdomyolysis 1. Hypernatremia 2. Metabolic acidosis 3. Hypomagneseamia 4. Hyponatremia 5. Hypocalcamia 6. Hyperkalaemia 7. Hypercalcaemia 8. Hypokalaemia 9. Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 6

7) Hypercalcaemia

Question 7

• Chose the electrolyte abnormality likely to be associated with the following clinical conditions C. ARF after introduction of ACEI in a patient with chronic heart failure 1. Hypernatremia 2. Metabolic acidosis 3. Hypomagneseamia 4. Hyponatremia 5. Hypocalcamia 6. Hyperkalaemia 7. Hypercalcaemia 8. Hypokalaemia 9. Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 7

6) Hyperkalaemia

Question 8

• Chose the electrolyte abnormality likely to be associated with the following clinical conditions D. Chronic laxative abuse 1. Hypernatremia 2. Metabolic acidosis 3. Hypomagneseamia 4. Hyponatremia 5. Hypocalcamia 6. Hyperkalaemia 7. Hypercalcaemia 8. Hypokalaemia 9. Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 8

8) Hypokalaemia

Question 9

• Chose the electrolyte abnormality likely to be associated with the following clinical conditions E. Ingestion of MDMA (Ecstasy) 1. Hypernatremia 2. Metabolic acidosis 3. Hypomagneseamia 4. Hyponatremia 5. Hypocalcamia 6. Hyperkalaemia 7. Hypercalcaemia 8. Hypokalaemia 9. Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 9

4) Hyponatraemia

Question 10

Match the following urinary casts to the pathological conditions: A. RBC casts 1. Renal tumour 2. AKI after simvastatin introduction 3. Acute tubular necrosis 4. Renovascular disease 5. Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 6. Obstructive uropathy 7. Acute pyelonephritis 8. Nephrotic syndrome 9. Obstructive uropathy

Answer 10

5) Glomerulonephritis

Question 11

Match the following urinary casts to the pathological conditions: B. WBC casts 1. Renal tumour 2. AKI after simvastatin introduction 3. Acute tubular necrosis 4. Renovascular disease 5. Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 6. Obstructive uropathy 7. Acute pyelonephritis 8. Nephrotic syndrome 9. Obstructive uropathy

Answer 11

7) Acute Pyelonephritis

Question 12

Match the following urinary casts to the pathological conditions: C. Fatty casts 1. Renal tumour 2. AKI after simvastatin introduction 3. Acute tubular necrosis 4. Renovascular disease 5. Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 6. Obstructive uropathy 7. Acute pyelonephritis 8. Nephrotic syndrome 9. Obstructive uropathy

Answer 12

8) Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 13

Match the following urinary casts to the pathological conditions: D. Pigmented casts 1. Renal tumour 2. AKI after simvastatin introduction 3. Acute tubular necrosis 4. Renovascular disease 5. Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 6. Obstructive uropathy 7. Acute pyelonephritis 8. Nephrotic syndrome 9. Obstructive uropathy

Answer 13

3) Acute Tubular Necrosis (Rhabdomyolysis)

Question 14

Select the likely cause of the above abnormal urine sediments

1. Red cell casts 2. Calcium oxalate 3. Tamm Horsfall protein 4. Triple phosphate (struvite) 5. Uric acid 6. Glycine 7. Cystine 8. Broad Cast

Answer 14

2) Calcium Oxalate

Question 15

Select the likely cause of the above abnormal urine sediments

1. Red cell casts 2. Calcium oxalate 3. Tamm Horsfall protein 4. Triple phosphate (struvite) 5. Uric acid 6. Glycine 7. Cystine 8. Broad Cast

Answer 15

7) Cystine

Question 16

Select the likely cause of the above abnormal urine sediments

1. Red cell casts 2. Calcium oxalate 3. Tamm Horsfall protein 4. Triple phosphate (struvite) 5. Uric acid 6. Glycine 7. Cystine 8. Broad Cast

Answer 16

5) uric acid

Question 17

Select the likely cause of the above abnormal urine sediments

1. Red cell casts 2. Calcium oxalate 3. Tamm Horsfall protein 4. Triple phosphate (struvite) 5. Uric acid 6. Glycine 7. Cystine 8. Broad Cast

Answer 17

4) Triple Phosphate

Question 18

• Select the biochemical abnormality most closely linked to the following clinical scenarios.

A. An athlete participating in a marathon tournament for the first time.

1. High creatine kinase 2. Hyponatremia 3. Hyperkalemia 4. Metabolic acidosis 5. Hyperuricaemia 6. Hyperglycemia 7. metabolic alkalosis 8. Hypernatraemia

Answer 18

1) High Creatanine Kinase

Question 19

• Select the biochemical abnormality most closely linked to the following clinical scenarios.

B. The use of Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) for treatment of hypertension

1. High creatine kinase 2. Hyponatremia 3. Hyperkalemia 4. Metabolic acidosis 5. Hyperuricaemia 6. Hyperglycemia 7. metabolic alkalosis 8. Hypernatraemia

Answer 19

3) Hyperkalaemia

Question 20

• Select the biochemical abnormality most closely linked to the following clinical scenarios.

C. Ecstasy use

1. High creatine kinase 2. Hyponatremia 3. Hyperkalemia 4. Metabolic acidosis 5. Hyperuricaemia 6. Hyperglycemia 7. metabolic alkalosis 8. Hypernatraemia

Answer 20

2) Hyponatraemia

Question 21

• Select the biochemical abnormality most closely linked to the following clinical scenarios.

D. Prostatic carcinoma

1. High creatine kinase 2. Hyponatremia 3. Hyperkalemia 4. Metabolic acidosis 5. Hyperuricaemia 6. Hyperglycemia 7. metabolic alkalosis 8. Hypernatraemia

Answer 21

4) Metabolic Acidosis

Question 22

• Select the biochemical abnormality most closely linked to the following clinical scenarios.

E. Chemotherapy for a bulky sarcoma of right thigh

1. High creatine kinase 2. Hyponatremia 3. Hyperkalemia 4. Metabolic acidosis 5. Hyperuricaemia 6. Hyperglycemia 7. metabolic alkalosis 8. Hypernatraemia

Answer 22

5) Hyperuricaemia

Question 23

• Match the drug combination causing each of the following biochemical abnormalities

A. AKI with hyperkalemia

1. Vitamin D & oral calcium 2. Loop diuretic & calcium channel blockers 3. Loop diuretic & thiazide 4. Digoxin & nitrates 5. Spironolactone & ACEI 6. Digoxin & calcium channel blockers 7. Betablockers and Calcium channel blockers 8. Statins and cyclosporin

Answer 23

5) Spironolactone & ACE-I

Question 24

• Match the drug combination causing each of the following biochemical abnormalities

B. AKI with Hypercalcaemia

1. Vitamin D & oral calcium 2. Loop diuretic & calcium channel blockers 3. Loop diuretic & thiazide 4. Digoxin & nitrates 5. Spironolactone & ACEI 6. Digoxin & calcium channel blockers 7. Betablockers and Calcium channel blockers 8. Statins and cyclosporin

Answer 24

1) Vitamin D & Oral Calcium

Question 25

• Match the drug combination causing each of the following biochemical abnormalities C. AKI with high CK 1. Vitamin D & oral calcium 2. Loop diuretic & calcium channel blockers 3. Loop diuretic & thiazide 4. Digoxin & nitrates 5. Spironolactone & ACEI 6. Digoxin & calcium channel blockers 7. Betablockers and Calcium channel blockers 8. Statins and cyclosporin

Answer 25

8) Statins & Cyclosporin

Question 26

• Match the drug combination causing each of the following biochemical abnormalities D. AKI with hyponatremia 1. Vitamin D & oral calcium 2. Loop diuretic & calcium channel blockers 3. Loop diuretic & thiazide 4. Digoxin & nitrates 5. Spironolactone & ACEI 6. Digoxin & calcium channel blockers 7. Betablockers and Calcium channel blockers 8. Statins and cyclosporin

Answer 26

3) Loop Diuretic & Thiazide

Question 27

Match the renal histopathological findings to each of the following clinical conditions: A. Rapidly progressive GN 1. Eosinophils in the interstitium 2. Normal renal histopathology 3. Crescentic change in the bowman’s space 4. Mitotic figures in the tubular epithelial nuclei 5. Interstitial fibrosis 6. tubular dilatation 7. tubular epithelial cell loss 8. neutrophils in the interstitium 9. glomerular hypertrophy

Answer 27

3) Crescentic change in the bowman’s space

Question 28

Match the renal histopathological findings to each of the following clinical conditions: B. Acute interstitial nephritis 1. Eosinophils in the interstitium 2. Normal renal histopathology 3. Crescentic change in the bowman’s space 4. Mitotic figures in the tubular epithelial nuclei 5. Interstitial fibrosis 6. tubular dilatation 7. tubular epithelial cell loss 8. neutrophils in the interstitium 9. glomerular hypertrophy

Answer 28

1- Eosinophils in the interstitium

Question 29

Match the renal histopathological findings to each of the following clinical conditions: C. Acute tubular necrosis 1. Eosinophils in the interstitium 2. Normal renal histopathology 3. Crescentic change in the bowman’s space 4. Mitotic figures in the tubular epithelial nuclei 5. Interstitial fibrosis 6. tubular dilatation 7. tubular epithelial cell loss 8. neutrophils in the interstitium 9. glomerular hypertrophy

Answer 29

3- Mitotic figures in the tubular epithelial nuclei

Question 30

Match the renal histopathological findings to each of the following clinical conditions: D. Obstructive uropathy 1. Eosinophils in the interstitium 2. Normal renal histopathology 3. Crescentic change in the bowman’s space 4. Mitotic figures in the tubular epithelial nuclei 5. Interstitial fibrosis 6. tubular dilatation 7. tubular epithelial cell loss 8. neutrophils in the interstitium 9. glomerular hypertrophy

Answer 30

5- Tubular dilatation

Question 31

# Choose one test that could establish the cause of renal injury in each of the following conditions. A. A 24-yr-old construction worker has sustained a construction accident. His thighs have been trapped under a pile of rubble for several hours. He arrived to the A& E with AKI & swollen right thigh. 1. Plasma osmolaity 2. MRA of the renal arteries 3. Anion gap 4. Plasma creatine phosphokinase 5. Urinary Na 6. Renal ultrasound scan 7. Mesangial leucocytes & eosiniophil infiltration on renal biopsy 8. Urinary sodium 9. EDTA GFR 10. Reciprocal serum creatinine

Answer 31

4. Plasma creatine phosphokinase

Question 32

# Choose one test that could establish the cause of renal injury in each of the following conditions. B. A 79-yr-old man with advanced prostatic carcinoma with extensive pelvic and retroperitoneal spread is admitted with high serum creatinine. Urinary catheter produced 75 mls in 6 hours. Urinalysis showed macroscopic haematuria. 1. Plasma osmolaity 2. MRA of the renal arteries 3. Anion gap 4. Plasma creatine phosphokinase 5. Urinary Na 6. Renal ultrasound scan 7. Mesangial leucocytes & eosiniophil infiltration on renal biopsy 8. Urinary sodium 9. EDTA GFR 10. Reciprocal serum creatinine

Answer 32

6) Renal USS

Question 33

# Choose one test that could establish the cause of renal injury in each of the following conditions. C. A 63 yrs male, with normal serum creatinine, started on Irbesartan (angiotensin receptor blocker) 150 mg/day for treatment of hypertension. 4 weeks later, routine tests showed serum creatinine 330, K 5.8 1. Plasma osmolaity 2. MRA of the renal arteries 3. Anion gap 4. Plasma creatine phosphokinase 5. Urinary Na 6. Renal ultrasound scan 7. Mesangial leucocytes & eosiniophil infiltration on renal biopsy 8. Urinary sodium 9. EDTA GFR 10. Reciprocal serum creatinine

Answer 33

2) MRA of the renal arteries

Question 34

# Choose one test that could establish the cause of renal injury in each of the following conditions. D. A 41 yrs male treated with amoxicillin for chest infection, two weeks later developed poor appetite & weight loss. Blood tests showed a serum creatinine of 250umol/l 1. Plasma osmolaity 2. MRA of the renal arteries 3. Anion gap 4. Plasma creatine phosphokinase 5. Urinary Na 6. Renal ultrasound scan 7. Mesangial leucocytes & eosiniophil infiltration on renal biopsy 8. Urinary sodium 9. EDTA GFR 10. Reciprocal serum creatinine

Answer 34

7. Mesangial leucocytes & eosiniophil infiltration on renal biopsy

Question 35

• Choose the aetiology of acute kidney injury associated with each of the following clinical scenarios: A. A 71 yrs male with a permanent ileostomy following pan colectomy (1999) for UC is being investigated for a recent onset weight loss. Following an oral barium study, he reported increased stoma output (\>3 litres/ day), a previously normal s. creatinine was found to be 220 umol/l. 1. Pre-renal failure 2. Obstructive uropathy 3. Acute tubular necrosis 4. Radio-contrast nephropathy 5. Glomerulonephritis 6. Renal stone disease 7. Rhabdomyolysis

Answer 35

1) Pre-renal failure

Question 36

• Choose the aetiology of acute kidney injury associated with each of the following clinical scenarios: B. A 76 yrs old female developed AKI post elective hip replacement. Preoperatively she was treated with normal saline (1 litre/12hrs), and a single dose of genatmicin 240mg. 1. Pre-renal failure 2. Obstructive uropathy 3. Acute tubular necrosis 4. Radio-contrast nephropathy 5. Glomerulonephritis 6. Renal stone disease 7. Rhabdomyolysis

Answer 36

3) Acute tubular necrosis

Question 37

• Choose the aetiology of acute kidney injury associated with each of the following clinical scenarios: C. A 55 yrs female has completed a course of pevic readiotherapy for the treatment of advance cervical cancer. Two weeks later, she developed oliguria, urine test showed hematuria, S creatinine 350umol/l. 1. Pre-renal failure 2. Obstructive uropathy 3. Acute tubular necrosis 4. Radio-contrast nephropathy 5. Glomerulonephritis 6. Renal stone disease 7. Rhabdomyolysis

Answer 37

2) obstructive uropathy

Question 38

• Choose the aetiology of acute kidney injury associated with each of the following clinical scenarios: D. A 28year old male develops AKI with haematuria two weeks after a sore throat 1. Pre-renal failure 2. Obstructive uropathy 3. Acute tubular necrosis 4. Radio-contrast nephropathy 5. Glomerulonephritis 6. Renal stone disease 7. Rhabdomyolysis

Answer 38

5) Glomerulonephritis

Question 39

In the following clinical conditions, choose the most likely cause of hypertension A. Normal sized kidneys on renal US, normal urine dipstick 1. Bilateral renal artery stenosis 2. Essential hypertension 3. Diabetic nephropathy 4. Unilateral renal artery stenosis 5. Pheochromocytoma 6. Polycystic kidney disease 7. Renal tumours 8. Polyarteritis Nodosa

Answer 39

2) essential hypertension

Question 40

In the following clinical conditions, choose the most likely cause of hypertension B. Asymetrical kidneys with acute rise in serum creatinine after introduction of Candesartan (Angiotensin receptor blocker) 1. Bilateral renal artery stenosis 2. Essential hypertension 3. Diabetic nephropathy 4. Unilateral renal artery stenosis 5. Pheochromocytoma 6. Polycystic kidney disease 7. Renal tumours 8. Polyarteritis Nodosa

Answer 40

1) bilateral renal artery stenosis

Question 41

In the following clinical conditions, choose the most likely cause of hypertension C. Asymetrical kidneys with minimal/no change in serum creatinine after introduction of ACEI 1. Bilateral renal artery stenosis 2. Essential hypertension 3. Diabetic nephropathy 4. Unilateral renal artery stenosis 5. Pheochromocytoma 6. Polycystic kidney disease 7. Renal tumours 8. Polyarteritis Nodosa

Answer 41

4) unilateral real artery stenosis

Question 42

In the following clinical conditions, choose the most likely cause of hypertension D. Normal sized kidneys on USS, micro-aneurysms on fundoscopy 1. Bilateral renal artery stenosis 2. Essential hypertension 3. Diabetic nephropathy 4. Unilateral renal artery stenosis 5. Pheochromocytoma 6. Polycystic kidney disease 7. Renal tumours 8. Polyarteritis Nodosa

Answer 42

3) diabetic neuropathy

Question 43

# choose the most appropriate sentence that describes each of the following investigations: A. Useful in differentiating renal from pre-renal failure 1. Renal ultrasound scan 2. eGFR 3. Coronary angiography 4. Urinary sodium 5. Urinary Potassium 6. Serum creatinine kinase 7. Serum anion gap 8. Urinary osmolarity

Answer 43

4) urinary Na

Question 44

# choose the most appropriate sentence that describes each of the following investigations: B. May cause AKI in patients with renal disease 1. Renal ultrasound scan 2. eGFR 3. Coronary angiography 4. Urinary sodium 5. Urinary Potassium 6. Serum creatinine kinase 7. Serum anion gap 8. Urinary osmolarity

Answer 44

3) coronary angiogram

Question 45

# choose the most appropriate sentence that describes each of the following investigations: C. Safe to perform in patients with renal impairment to investigate obstruction 1. Renal ultrasound scan 2. eGFR 3. Coronary angiography 4. Urinary sodium 5. Urinary Potassium 6. Serum creatinine kinase 7. Serum anion gap 8. Urinary osmolarity

Answer 45

1) renal USS

Question 46

# choose the most appropriate sentence that describes each of the following investigations: D. Values may be falsely low in patients with increased muscle mass 1. Renal ultrasound scan 2. eGFR 3. Coronary angiography 4. Urinary sodium 5. Urinary Potassium 6. Serum creatinine kinase 7. Serum anion gap 8. Urinary osmolarity

Answer 46

2) eGFR

Question 47

# Choose the most appropriate sentence that describes the cause of renal injury caused by each of the following drugs A. Laxative abuse 1. Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction/ renal ischaemia 2. Reduction in vasodilatory prostaglandins 3. Dilatation of efferent arteriole 4. Volume depletion 5. Crystal formation 6. Cast nephropathy 7. Tubular obstruction

Answer 47

4) volume depletion

Question 48

# Choose the most appropriate sentence that describes the cause of renal injury caused by each of the following drugs B: ACEI 1. Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction/ renal ischaemia 2. Reduction in vasodilatory prostaglandins 3. Dilatation of efferent arteriole 4. Volume depletion 5. Crystal formation 6. Cast nephropathy 7. Tubular obstruction

Answer 48

3. Dilatation of efferent arteriole

Question 49

# Choose the most appropriate sentence that describes the cause of renal injury caused by each of the following drugs C: NSAIDs 1. Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction/ renal ischaemia 2. Reduction in vasodilatory prostaglandins 3. Dilatation of efferent arteriole 4. Volume depletion 5. Crystal formation 6. Cast nephropathy 7. Tubular obstruction

Answer 49

2. Reduction of vasodilatory prostaglandins

Question 50

# Choose the most appropriate sentence that describes the cause of renal injury caused by each of the following drugs D: Radiocontrast agents 1. Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction/ renal ischaemia 2. Reduction in vasodilatory prostaglandins 3. Dilatation of efferent arteriole 4. Volume depletion 5. Crystal formation 6. Cast nephropathy 7. Tubular obstruction

Answer 50

1. Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction/ renal ischaemia

Question 51

# Choose the most appropriate sentence that describes each of the following drugs A. Can cause acute rhabdomyolysis 1. Bromocriptine 2. Large doses of vitamin D 3. Statins 4. Gabapentine 5. Paracetamol 6. Frusemide 7. ACE inhibitors 8. Mannitol

Answer 51

3) Statins

Question 52

# Choose the most appropriate sentence that describes each of the following drugs B. Dose reduction is needed in patients with chronic kidney disease 1. Bromocriptine 2. Large doses of vitamin D 3. Statins 4. Gabapentine 5. Paracetamol 6. Frusemide 7. ACE inhibitors 8. Mannitol

Answer 52

4) Gabapentin

Question 53

# Choose the most appropriate sentence that describes each of the following drugs C. May cause post renal failure by inducing retropoeritoneal fibrosis 1. Bromocriptine 2. Large doses of vitamin D 3. Statins 4. Gabapentine 5. Paracetamol 6. Frusemide 7. ACE inhibitors 8. Mannitol

Answer 53

1) Bromocriptine

Question 54

# Choose the most appropriate sentence that describes each of the following drugs C. May cause post renal failure by inducing retropoeritoneal fibrosis 1. Bromocriptine 2. Large doses of vitamin D 3. Statins 4. Gabapentine 5. Paracetamol 6. Frusemide 7. ACE inhibitors 8. Mannitol

Answer 54

2) Large doses of Vit D

Question 55

For each of the following description of urine, select one or more of the clinical diagnoses from the list below A. Frothy (foamy urine) 1. Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder 2. Rhabdomyolysis 3. Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 4. Acute pyelonephritis 5. Nephrotic syndrome 6. Renovascular disease 7. Essential hypertension 8. Congestive cardiac failure

Answer 55

5) Nephrotic syndrome

Question 56

For each of the following description of urine, select one or more of the clinical diagnoses from the list below B: Cloudy urine 1. Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder 2. Rhabdomyolysis 3. Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 4. Acute pyelonephritis 5. Nephrotic syndrome 6. Renovascular disease 7. Essential hypertension 8. Congestive cardiac failure

Answer 56

4. Acute pyelonephritis

Question 57

For each of the following description of urine, select one or more of the clinical diagnoses from the list below C: Dark urine with red cell casts 1. Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder 2. Rhabdomyolysis 3. Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 4. Acute pyelonephritis 5. Nephrotic syndrome 6. Renovascular disease 7. Essential hypertension 8. Congestive cardiac failure

Answer 57

3. Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Question 58

For each of the following description of urine, select one or more of the clinical diagnoses from the list below D. Dark urine with no red cell or red cell casts 1. Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder 2. Rhabdomyolysis 3. Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 4. Acute pyelonephritis 5. Nephrotic syndrome 6. Renovascular disease 7. Essential hypertension 8. Congestive cardiac failure

Answer 58

2) Rhabdomyolysis

Question 59

For each of the following description of urine, select one or more of the clinical diagnoses from the list below D. Dark urine with no red cell or red cell casts 1. Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder 2. Rhabdomyolysis 3. Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 4. Acute pyelonephritis 5. Nephrotic syndrome 6. Renovascular disease 7. Essential hypertension 8. Congestive cardiac failure

Answer 59

1. Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder

Question 60

Match the clinical limitations to the following investigations A. Plasma Urea 1. Useful in investigating renal stone disease 2. Useful in diagnosing renovascular disease 3. Undergoes tubular secretion 4. Invalid in patients on diuretics 5. Disproportionately high in patients with dehydration 6. Increased in those with high muscle mass 7. Disproportionately low in patients with liver disease 8. Used as a variable in MDRD eGFR equation

Answer 60

5. Disproportionately high in patients with dehydration 7. Disproportionately low in patients with liver disease

Question 61

Match the clinical limitations to the following investigations B: Serum creatanine 1. Useful in investigating renal stone disease 2. Useful in diagnosing renovascular disease 3. Undergoes tubular secretion 4. Invalid in patients on diuretics 5. Disproportionately high in patients with dehydration 6. Increased in those with high muscle mass 7. Disproportionately low in patients with liver disease 8. Used as a variable in MDRD eGFR equation

Answer 61

3. Undergoes tubular secretion 6. Increased in those with high muscle mass 8. Used as a variable in MDRD eGFR equation

Question 62

Match the clinical limitations to the following investigations C: IV urogram 1. Useful in investigating renal stone disease 2. Useful in diagnosing renovascular disease 3. Undergoes tubular secretion 4. Invalid in patients on diuretics 5. Disproportionately high in patients with dehydration 6. Increased in those with high muscle mass 7. Disproportionately low in patients with liver disease 8. Used as a variable in MDRD eGFR equation

Answer 62

1. Useful in investigating renal stone disease

Question 63

Match the clinical limitations to the following investigations D: urinary Na 1. Useful in investigating renal stone disease 2. Useful in diagnosing renovascular disease 3. Undergoes tubular secretion 4. Invalid in patients on diuretics 5. Disproportionately high in patients with dehydration 6. Increased in those with high muscle mass 7. Disproportionately low in patients with liver disease 8. Used as a variable in MDRD eGFR equation

Answer 63

4. Invalid in patients on diuretics