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all case studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the Holderness Coast located?

A

East coast of England in East Yorkshire between Flamborough Head and Spurn Head along the North Sea coastline.

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2
Q

Why is the Holderness Coast highly vulnerable to erosion?

A

It is made of soft boulder clay which erodes easily and is exposed to powerful North Sea waves and longshore drift moving sediment south.

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3
Q

What is the average erosion rate at the Holderness Coast?

A

Approximately 2 metres per year making it one of the fastest eroding coastlines in Europe.

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4
Q

What are key facts and figures for Holderness?

A

2m average annual erosion; some years exceed 10m; Mappleton defences cost £2 million; Spurn Head spit is about 5km long.

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5
Q

What are the short-term effects of erosion at Holderness?

A

Cliff collapse destroying farmland and property

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6
Q

What are the long-term effects of erosion at Holderness?

A

Loss of villages historically such as Ravenspurn

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7
Q

What were the immediate responses to Holderness erosion?

A

Monitoring erosion rates

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8
Q

What are the long-term management strategies at Holderness?

A

Hard engineering such as groynes

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9
Q

Where did Cyclone Phailin occur?

A

Odisha and Andhra Pradesh on the east coast of India.

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10
Q

When did Cyclone Phailin occur?

A

October 2013.

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11
Q

What were the key characteristics of Cyclone Phailin?

A

Wind speeds up to 260km/h and a large storm system causing severe flooding.

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12
Q

How many people were affected by Cyclone Phailin?

A

Approximately 13 million people were affected.

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13
Q

What were the short-term impacts of Cyclone Phailin?

A

Flooding destroyed homes and crops

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14
Q

What were the long-term impacts of Cyclone Phailin?

A

Agricultural losses affecting livelihoods

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15
Q

What were the immediate responses to Cyclone Phailin?

A

Around 1 million people evacuated

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16
Q

What were the long-term responses to Cyclone Phailin?

A

Construction of more cyclone shelters

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17
Q

Where is Detroit located?

A

In the state of Michigan in the United States near the Great Lakes.

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18
Q

Why did Detroit experience urban decline?

A

Deindustrialisation and relocation of automobile manufacturing leading to job losses.

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19
Q

What was Detroit’s population peak?

A

Around 1.8 million people in 1950.

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20
Q

What is Detroit’s current population approximately?

A

Around 630

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21
Q

What major economic event happened in Detroit in 2013?

A

Detroit declared bankruptcy in 2013.

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22
Q

What were the short-term impacts of Detroit’s decline?

A

Mass unemployment

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23
Q

What were the long-term impacts of Detroit’s decline?

A

Urban decay

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24
Q

What are long-term regeneration strategies in Detroit?

A

Investment in technology industries

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25
Where is Reading located?
In Berkshire in southeast England about 40 miles west of London.
26
Why is Reading an important economic centre?
It is part of the Thames Valley technology corridor and hosts companies like Microsoft
27
What is the approximate population of Reading?
Around 175
28
What are the economic characteristics of Reading?
High employment rates and a strong service and technology sector.
29
What are the short-term impacts of economic growth in Reading?
Increased commuting and rising house prices.
30
What are the long-term impacts of growth in Reading?
Pressure on housing and infrastructure but strong regional economic development.
31
What infrastructure investment has occurred in Reading?
The £900 million redevelopment of Reading railway station.
32
What are long-term development strategies for Reading?
Expansion of business parks and new housing developments.
33
Where is the Amazon rainforest located?
Across northern South America mainly in Brazil but also in several neighbouring countries.
34
How large is the Amazon rainforest?
Approximately 5.5 million square kilometres.
35
How much carbon does the Amazon store?
Around 100 billion tonnes of carbon.
36
Why is the Amazon important for the global climate?
It acts as a major carbon sink and influences global weather and rainfall patterns.
37
What are the short-term impacts of deforestation in the Amazon?
Habitat loss
38
What are the long-term impacts of Amazon deforestation?
Accelerated climate change
39
What immediate responses address Amazon deforestation?
Creation of protected areas and satellite monitoring.
40
What long-term responses address Amazon deforestation?
Reforestation programmes and sustainable forestry initiatives.
41
Where do Santa Ana wildfires occur?
In Southern California in the United States.
42
What causes Santa Ana wildfires?
Hot dry Santa Ana winds combined with dry vegetation and high temperatures.
43
How fast can Santa Ana winds reach?
Often exceeding 100km/h.
44
What are the short-term impacts of Santa Ana wildfires?
Homes destroyed
45
What are the long-term impacts of Santa Ana wildfires?
Habitat destruction
46
What immediate responses occur during Santa Ana wildfires?
Firefighters deployed and evacuation orders issued.
47
What long-term responses address wildfire risk?
Controlled burning
48
Why are wildfires increasing in California?
Climate change
49
Where did Typhoon Haiyan occur?
In the Philippines particularly affecting the city of Tacloban.
50
When did Typhoon Haiyan occur?
November 2013.
51
What were the wind speeds of Typhoon Haiyan?
Approximately 315km/h making it one of the strongest tropical storms recorded.
52
How many people were killed by Typhoon Haiyan?
About 6300 people.
53
How many people were affected by Typhoon Haiyan?
Around 14 million people.
54
What were the short-term impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?
Storm surge of around 6m
55
What were the long-term impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?
Livelihood loss
56
What were the long-term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?
Build Back Better reconstruction
57
Where did Hurricane Katrina occur?
In the Gulf Coast of the United States particularly New Orleans.
58
When did Hurricane Katrina occur?
August 2005.
59
What category hurricane was Katrina?
Category 5 hurricane at peak intensity.
60
How many deaths occurred from Hurricane Katrina?
About 1800 people.
61
How much economic damage did Hurricane Katrina cause?
Approximately $125 billion.
62
What were the short-term impacts of Hurricane Katrina?
80 percent of New Orleans flooded and thousands displaced.
63
What were the immediate responses to Hurricane Katrina?
Rescue operations by the Coast Guard and emergency shelters in places like the Superdome.
64
What were the long-term responses to Hurricane Katrina?
A $14 billion levee upgrade and improved flood protection systems.
65
Where did the Christchurch earthquake occur?
Christchurch on the South Island of New Zealand.
66
When did the Christchurch earthquake occur?
22 February 2011.
67
What was the magnitude of the Christchurch earthquake?
Magnitude 6.3.
68
How many people died in the Christchurch earthquake?
185 people.
69
What was a major secondary hazard of the Christchurch earthquake?
Liquefaction damaging roads and buildings.
70
What were the short-term impacts of the Christchurch earthquake?
Collapsed buildings and severe damage to infrastructure.
71
What were the long-term impacts of the Christchurch earthquake?
Large economic losses and destruction of the central business district.
72
What were the long-term responses to the Christchurch earthquake?
A $40 billion rebuilding programme and stricter building regulations.
73
Where did the Nepal earthquake occur?
In central Nepal near Kathmandu.
74
When did the Nepal earthquake occur?
April 2015.
75
What was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake?
Magnitude 7.8.
76
How many people died in the Nepal earthquake?
Around 9000 people.
77
How many people were affected by the Nepal earthquake?
Around 8 million people.
78
What were the short-term impacts of the Nepal earthquake?
Homes destroyed landslides and historical temples damaged.
79
What were the long-term impacts of the Nepal earthquake?
Tourism decline and long rebuilding processes.
80
What were the responses to the Nepal earthquake?
International aid emergency camps and reconstruction programmes.
81
Where is Montserrat located?
In the Caribbean in the Lesser Antilles island chain.
82
What volcano erupted on Montserrat?
Soufrière Hills volcano.
83
When did the major eruption period occur on Montserrat?
1995 to 1997.
84
What major settlement was destroyed by the Montserrat eruption?
The capital city Plymouth.
85
How many deaths occurred in the Montserrat eruption?
19 people.
86
What were the short-term impacts of the Montserrat eruption?
Pyroclastic flows destroyed settlements and ash covered the island.
87
What were the long-term impacts of the Montserrat eruption?
Population decline and a large exclusion zone covering much of the island.
88
What were the long-term responses to the Montserrat eruption?
Creation of the Montserrat Volcano Observatory and planning for a new capital.
89
Where is Eyjafjallajökull located?
In southern Iceland beneath an ice cap.
90
When did the Eyjafjallajökull eruption occur?
April 2010.
91
How high did the ash plume reach during the eruption?
Around 9km into the atmosphere.
92
How many flights were cancelled due to the eruption?
About 100000 flights across Europe.
93
How many passengers were affected by the eruption?
Around 10 million passengers.
94
What were the short-term impacts of Eyjafjallajökull?
European airspace closure and local flooding due to glacial melt.
95
What were the long-term impacts of Eyjafjallajökull?
Global economic losses estimated at about $1.7 billion.
96
What were the long-term responses to Eyjafjallajökull?
Improved volcanic ash monitoring and aviation safety procedures.
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