Pre AP Biology > All Learning Targets > Flashcards

All Learning Targets Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is a research question?
A. Why is media an issue in relation to body image?
B. What am I wearing today?
C. The sky is blue

A

A.

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2
Q

A hypothesis is…

A

… a suggested answer to a question.

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3
Q

A prediction is…

A

… A specific guess about what will happen (especially in an experiment)

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4
Q 
All of the following are key to having a well designed experiment EXCPET 
A. Tests the hypothesis
B. Turns out they way planned 
C. Multiple trials 
D. Changes one variable at a time 
E. All variables healed constant
A

B.

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5
Q

What is the dependent variable of an experiment?

A

The thing that responds to the change made in the independent variable.

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6
Q

What is the independent variable of an experiment?

A

The variable that is changes in an experiment.

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7
Q

What are the constant variables in an experiment?

A

A variable who’s value cannot change (like weight or any measurement).

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8
Q

What is the difference between the control group and the experimental group?

A

The control group has nothing changed to it and the experimental group has had a change/ is the group being tested.

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9
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

The quality of data collected (color, shape, the look of it, etc.)

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10
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

A specific amount of data (like how much it grew, change in temperature, etc.)

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11
Q

Name all the characteristics of living things.

A
  • Have DNA
  • Grow/ Develop
  • Respond to environment
  • Reproduce
  • Maintain Homeostasis
  • Use material/ energy
  • Contain cells
  • Evolve
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12
Q

Name all of the kingdoms

A
  • Eubacteria
  • Archaebacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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13
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Eubacteria

A
  • Unicellular
  • Prokaryotic
  • Cell wall made out of peptidoglycan
  • Autotrophic and heterotrophic
  • Reproduce through fission
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14
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Archeabacteria

A
  • unicellular
  • prokaryotic
  • cell wall with no peptidoglycan
  • autotrophic and heterotrophic
  • reproduce through fission
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15
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Protista

A
  • unicellular and multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • cell wall
  • mostly heterotrophic
  • reproduce asexually
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16
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi

A
  • mostly multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • cell wall made of chitin
  • heterotrophic (absorb nutrients)
  • reproduce sexually through spores
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17
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Plantae

A
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • cell wall made of cellulose
  • autotrophic (photosynthesis)
  • reproduce sexully though seeds
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18
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

A
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • no cell walls
  • heterotrophic
  • reproduce sexually through eggs
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19
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space. Matter can be destroyed and made.

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20
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to move. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

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21
Q

Why is a water molecule polar?

A

The oxygen atom tends to hog the electrons shared by hydrogen creating a negative charge on the oxygen and a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atom.

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22
Q

What are the unique properties of a water molecule that result from its polarity?

A
  • Cohesion/surface tension
  • Adhesion (capillary action)
  • High specific heat
  • Unique density when solid
  • Universal solvent
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23
Q

How do polar molecules interact with nonpolar molecules?

A

They do not interact with each other.

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24
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Something is able to consume or make their own food for energy.

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25
What is homeostasis?
Something that is able to keep the inside of them self the temperature they need to be even if the outside temperature changes.
26
What are organic molecules?
Contain carbon and form covalent bonds with hydrogen oxygen phosphorus nitrogen and other carpet.
27
What are inorganic molecules?
Molecules that almost all of time to not have carbon.
28
What are the four major classes of organic molecules?
- Carbohydrates - Lipids - Proteins - Nucleic acids
29
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates and what elements compose them?
Monosaccharides and carbon hydrogen and oxygen.
30
What are the building blocks of lipids in what elements are they made of?
Fatty acids and carbon hydrogen and oxygen
31
What are the building blocks of proteins and what elements are they composed of?
Amino acids and carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
32
What are the building blocks of nucleic acid's and what elements of a composed of?
Nucleotides and hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen , and phosphorus.
33
What classes of molecules are in carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
34
What class of molecules are in lipids?
Fats, oils, phospholipid, steroids, and waxes.
35
What class of molecules are in proteins?
Enzymes.
36
What classes of molecules are nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA.
37
What is a polymer?
Many building blocks linked together.
38
What is a monomer?
One building block.
39
Which process links monomers together and creates polymers?
Dehydration synthesis.
40
Which process breaks apart polymers into monomers?
Hydrolysis.
41
How does the body utilize carbohydrates?
Energy, cells walls of plants and fungi, and cell to cell communicate.
42
How does the body utilize lipids?
Long-term energy, storage, insulation padding, phospholipids cell membranes, and steroids.
43
How does the body utilize proteins?
Structure, enzymes, defense, contractile/movement, and transfer.
44
What is glucose's chemical formula?
C6 H12 O6
45
Name three monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, and galactose.
46
Name three disaccharides
Sucrose (glucose+fructose), lactose (glucose+galactose), and maltose (glucose+glucose).
47
Name three polysaccharides
Starch, cellulose, chitin, and glycogen
48
Describe a saturated fat
- Full of hydrogen atoms - No double bonds - Made by animals - Solid at room temperature
49
Describe an unsaturated fat
- Not full of hydrogen atoms - Double bonds with carbon atoms - Made by plants - liquid at room temperature
50
What is an enzymes function?
Speed up specific reactions in a cell.
51
How do you enzymes contribute to an organisms metabolism and ability to maintain homeostasis?
They help metabolism by helping digest food. They keep chemical reaction is going to help maintain homeostasis.
52
What are three things that affect enzyme function?
Temperature, concentration of substrate, and chemical environment/pH levels.
53
What is pH?
How acidic a substance is.
54
How many each H+ plus or OH- ions do acids have?
More H+ atoms than pure water.
55
How many each H+ plus or OH- ions do bases have?
More OH- ions than pure water.
56
What is a buffer?
Something that keeps pH levels around the same.
57
What is the purpose of the bicarbonate buffer system?
Helps keep blood at a pH level of 7.4
58
What is the purpose of the phosphate buffer system in the body?
Helps keep urine at a pH of 6.84 and the acidity kills most bacteria.
59
What is the cell theory?
The cell theory is that all organisms are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells Coe, from previous existing cells.
60
What parts make up the cell membrane?
Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
61
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids with heads up and tails facing eachother.
62
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
Protect the interior of the cell, regulate transport in and out of the cell, and cell signaling.
63
How does the phospholipid layer work?
The phospholipid head is polar and is hydrophilic. The phospholipid tail is nonpolar and is hydrophobic. The heads are attracted to each other and the tails attract to each other creating the phospholipid bylayer.
64
Which types of molecules can move through the cell membrane independently and which molecules need assistance?
- Small non polar molecules easily - Very small polar molecules slowly - Large non polar molecules slowly - Large polar molecules need assistance
65
What proteins are in the cell membrane and what are their functions?
- Transport: move material in and out that can't move on it's own - Receptor: receive and transmit signals from the extracellular environment to the inside of the cell - Glycoproteins: identify the cell for the immune system in other cells - Structural: gives the membrane support and can help the cell attach to other cells - Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions
66
How do the proteins in a cell membrane stay in place?
A protein's midsection is non polar and it's top and bottom is polar, so this allows the protein to float.
67
What is a concentration gradient?
The difference between the concentration of one space to another space.
68
What is active transport?
Something moving that requires energy.
69
What is passive transport?
Something moving that does not require energy.
70
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
71
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water molecules across a membrane.
72
What is facilitated diffusion?
When molecules cannot get through the membrane on their own they are helped along by an integral transport protein.
73
What is a molecular pump and an example?
A type of active transport. an example is the sodium potassium pump: for every three Na+ pumped out, two K plus is pumped in.
74
What are three examples of active transport?
- Molecular pumps - Endocytosis - Exocytosis
75
What is a hypertonic solution?
There is a greater amount of solutes and less free water molecules then to the compared substance.
76
What is a hypotonic solution?
There are fewer solutes and more free water molecules than the compared substance.
77
What is an isotonic solution?
The same numbers of solution on either side of the membrane.
78
What is the importance of cellular transport in maintaining homeostasis within an organism?
A cell has to get the correct nutrients and keep bad stuff out.
79
Why are cells so small?
The surface area to volume ratio and cells must be able to remove toxins and take up nutrients quickly.
80
What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
- Domains Bacteria and Archaea - DNA is in the nucleoid - No membrane-bound organelles - Contains ribosomes which are needed for protein synthesis - Smaller than eukaryotic cells
81
What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?
- Larger than prokaryotic cells - Contain membrane-bound organelles each with a specific function - DNA found with in the membrane-bound nucleus - Can be unicellular
82
What is ATP?
Adenine triphosphate
83
Where is the initial source of energy in a living system.
The sun
84
What is the purpose of the thylakoid electron transport chain?
To produce glucose.
85
How does the H+ gradient affect ATP production?
The gradient is pumped out by ATP synthase which allows ADP to be turned into ATP.
86
What colors do Carotin absorb and reflect?
Absorb: reds, violets, blues Reflects: greens and yellows
87
List 5 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
- Carbon dioxide levels - Color of light - Amount of light - Temperature
88
What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis
O2 + ADP in the presence of sunlight -> C6H12O6 + O2
89
What is cellular respiration?
The process in which cells turn glucose into ATP
90
Difference between aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and fermentation does not.
91
What variables affect the rate of cellular respiration?
- Oxygen levels | - Amount of glucose
92
Why do humans need to breathe?
So the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain can produce ATP
93
Continue the order: cells, ________,________,__________
Tissues, organs, organ structures
94
Anterior
Towards the front of the body
95
Posterior
Toward the back
96
Dorsal
Near the back
97
Ventral
The belly area
98
Medial
Toward the middle
99
Lateral
From the side
100
Proximal
Near a point of interest
101
Distal
Away from a point of interest
102
Function and major organs of cardiovascular system
- To pump nutrients and oxygen to every cell in the body | - Heart, Blood, Blood vessels
103
Function and major organs of digestive system
- Extract nutrients from food and excrete solid waste | - Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
104
Function and major organs of nervous system
- To send messages around the body and control it. | - Brain, spinal cord, nerves
105
Functions and organs of respiratory system
- To supply red blood cells with oxygen and take away the waste, carbon dioxide. - Lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles
106
Functions and organs of urinary system
- To excrete waste from the blood | - Kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
107
What is a positive feedback loop and what is one example?
- When something has a snowball effect | - One ripe apple will make a bunch of Apple ripen
108
What is a negative feedback loop and what is one example of it?
- Something that will even itself out. | - Speed of a car when there is a speed limit
109
What is an autoimmune disease and what is one example.
- A disease were the bodies own immune system attacks itself -
110
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate
111
What is the initial source of all energy?
The sun
112
What is an autotroph? Example?
An organism who makes their own food. Flower
113
What is a heterotroph? Example?
An organism that has to eat other organisms to get energy. Human
114
What are the main pigments in plants and what types of light do they reflect/ absorb?
Chlorophyll A and B: reflect green light and absorb all other light Carotenoids: reflect purple and reds absorb other light
115
What are the factors that affect photosynthesis?
Light intensity, light color, CO2 concentration, temperature, amount of H2O
116
What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2
117
What are the steps in photosynthesis?
1. Light dependent reaction | 2. Light independent reaction
118
What are the steps in cellular respiration?
1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Mitochondrion electron transport chain
119
How much ATP can be produced by one molecule of ATP?
38
120
What step in cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Mitochondrion ETC
121
1. What is the purpose of glycolysis? 2. Where does it take place? 3. Reactants? 4. Products?
1. To break down glucose and make ATP 2. Cytoplasm 3. 2 ATP, glucose, 2 NAD+, ADP 4. 2 net ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates
122
1. What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle? 2. Where does it take place? 3. Reactants? 4. Products?
1. To create ATP and electron carriers 2. Mitochondria 3. 4. 2 ATP 2 FADH2, 6 NADH, CO2
123
1. What is the purpose of the Mitochondrion ETC? 2. Where does it take place? 3. Reactants? 4. Products?
1. To create ATP 2. Inner membrane of Mitochondria 3. FADH2, NADH, O2, ADP 4. Up to 35 ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD
124
1. What is the function of the cardiovascular system? | 2. What are the major organs and tissues in the system?
1. Transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and maintaining temperature 2. Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
125
1. What is the function of the respiratory system? | 2. What are the major organs and tissues in the system?
1. Bring oxygen into the body and put out carbon dioxide | 2. Trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm
126
1. What is the function of the digestive system? | 2. What are the major organs and tissues in the system?
1. Absorb nutrients and get rid of solid waste. | 2. Stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and lleum), large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, esophagus
127
1. What is the function of the urinary system? | 2. What are the major organs and tissues in the system?
1. To remove liquid waste from the body | 2. Kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
128
Definition of anterior
Situated toward the front
129
Definition of posterior
Situated behind
130
Definition of dorsal
Situated near the back
131
Definition of ventral
Located near the lower part of an animal
132
Definition of medial
Located toward the middle
133
Definition of lateral
Situated or coming from the side
134
Definition of proximal
Situated close to
135
Definition of distal
Situated away from
136
What is the structure of DNA?
Double helix made of deoxyribose nucleic acid
137
What is the purpose of mitosis?
To make two genetically identical daughter cells
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