AMH Final Flashcards

Question

What was the **War of 1812**?

Answer 1

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions ## Footnote Affirmed U.S. sovereignty and encouraged nationalism.

Answer 2

Period marked by political unity under President James Monroe ## Footnote Reflected growing nationalism but sectional tensions persisted.

Answer 3

Steam-powered boats that could travel upstream ## Footnote Revolutionized river trade and transportation.

Answer 4

Method of manufacturing that centralized production under one roof ## Footnote Fueled industrialization in the North.

Answer 5

First major financial crisis in the United States ## Footnote Highlighted the risks of rapid economic expansion.

Answer 6

Inventor of the commercial steamboat ## Footnote Enabled faster transportation of goods and people.

Answer 7

System in which production is divided into specialized tasks ## Footnote Increased efficiency in manufacturing.

Answer 8

Legislation admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state ## Footnote Temporarily resolved sectional tensions over slavery.

Answer 9

Canal connecting the Hudson River to Lake Erie ## Footnote Revolutionized transportation and commerce.

Answer 10

Ideology that men and women have distinct roles ## Footnote Influenced the 'cult of domesticity'.

Answer 11

Thomas Jefferson's description of the Missouri Compromise debates ## Footnote Warned of sectional conflict threatening the Union.

Answer 12

Law authorizing the forced relocation of Native American tribes ## Footnote Led to the Trail of Tears.

Answer 13

Farming primarily for household consumption ## Footnote Common in rural areas.

Answer 14

Forced relocation of Native American tribes from the Southeast ## Footnote Resulted in thousands of deaths.

Answer 15

Cultural ideal emphasizing women’s roles in home and family ## Footnote Reinforced gender roles in the early 19th century.

Answer 16

Farming aimed at producing crops for sale ## Footnote Drove economic growth in the South.

Answer 17

Inventor of the cotton gin and proponent of interchangeable parts ## Footnote Revolutionized Southern agriculture.

Answer 18

Flat-bottomed boat used to transport goods on rivers ## Footnote Facilitated westward migration.

Answer 19

Machine that quickly separated cotton fibers from seeds ## Footnote Made cotton production highly profitable.

Answer 20

Seventh President of the U.S. ## Footnote Expanded the power of the presidency and championed the 'common man'.

Answer 21

* Highly profitable * Expanded slavery * Fueled the Southern economy ## Footnote Thematic Connection: Industrial innovation with major social and economic consequences.

Answer 22

Seventh President of the U.S. (1829–1837) ## Footnote War hero and founder of the Democratic Party; expanded presidential power and championed the common man.

Answer 23

Conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over the Tariff of 1828 ## Footnote Tested federal authority; foreshadowed sectional tensions leading to the Civil War.

Answer 24

Campaign slogan for William Henry Harrison and John Tyler ## Footnote Demonstrated the rise of mass political campaigns and popular electioneering.

Answer 25

Sixth President of the U.S. (1825–1829) ## Footnote Accused of the corrupt bargain in the 1824 election; advocated a nationalist agenda.

Answer 26

Social scandal in Jackson’s administration involving Secretary of War John Eaton's wife ## Footnote Created political tensions and contributed to the formation of the Kitchen Cabinet.

Answer 27

Forced relocation of Native American tribes ## Footnote Led to the Trail of Tears and reinforced Jacksonian expansionism.

Answer 28

Economic program advocated by Henry Clay ## Footnote Included protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Answer 29

Conflict over rechartering the Second Bank of the U.S. ## Footnote Led to withdrawal of federal funds and destabilized the economy.

Answer 30

* Cherokee * Chickasaw * Choctaw * Creek * Seminole ## Footnote Adopted some European-American practices but were forcibly removed during Jackson’s presidency.

Answer 31

Alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the 1824 election ## Footnote Fueled Jacksonian distrust of elites and inspired the rise of the Democratic Party.

Answer 32

State banks where Jackson deposited federal funds ## Footnote Contributed to unstable banking and speculation, leading to the Panic of 1837.

Answer 33

Land designated by the federal government for Native Americans ## Footnote Part of U.S. policy to control Native populations and facilitate white settlement.

Answer 34

Tariff of Abominations ## Footnote Sparked the Nullification Crisis and highlighted regional economic conflicts.

Answer 35

Political party opposing Jackson ## Footnote Supported modernization and Congress over the presidency.

Answer 36

Expansion of voting rights to all adult white men ## Footnote Increased political participation and strengthened Jacksonian Democracy.

Answer 37

Practice of awarding government jobs to political supporters ## Footnote Strengthened party loyalty but increased corruption.

Answer 38

Political movement opposing the secretive Freemasons ## Footnote First third party in U.S.; emphasized moral reform.

Answer 39

Informal group of Jackson’s advisors ## Footnote Highlighted Jackson’s reliance on loyal supporters over traditional elites.

Answer 40

Economic depression following speculative lending and the Bank War ## Footnote Undermined Van Buren’s presidency.

Answer 41

Period in U.S. history before the Civil War (roughly 1815–1860) ## Footnote Marked by rapid social, economic, and cultural changes.

Answer 42

Site of the first women’s rights convention ## Footnote Produced the Declaration of Sentiments and launched the organized women’s rights movement.

Answer 43

Transcendentalist writer and philosopher ## Footnote Author of Walden and advocate of civil disobedience.

Answer 44

Religious revival movement emphasizing personal salvation ## Footnote Inspired reform movements and democratized religion.

Answer 45

Women’s rights activist and key organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention ## Footnote Advocated suffrage and gender equality.

Answer 46

Poet and transcendentalist writer ## Footnote Celebrated democracy and individuality; contributed to American literary identity.

Answer 47

Utopian community in New York practicing communal property ## Footnote Experimented with social reform and critiques of traditional society.

Answer 48

Movement to end slavery in the U.S. ## Footnote Central social reform movement that deeply divided the nation.

Answer 49

Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America ## Footnote Justified territorial expansion and intensified conflicts.

Answer 50

Enslaved people who worked primarily in the fields ## Footnote Backbone of Southern plantation economy.

Answer 51

Laws regulating the behavior of enslaved people ## Footnote Enforced social control and institutionalized racial hierarchy.

Answer 52

The legal act of a slaveholder freeing enslaved people ## Footnote Created a class of free blacks and highlighted contradictions in slavery.

Answer 53

Organized rebellions by enslaved people against their oppressors ## Footnote Challenged the system of slavery; instilled fear in slaveholders and prompted stricter codes.

Answer 54

The legal act of a slaveholder freeing enslaved people ## Footnote Created a class of free blacks; highlighted contradictions in slavery and freedom.

Answer 55

African Americans who were not enslaved, through manumission or birth in free states ## Footnote Played roles in abolition, community building, and resistance; often faced legal and social restrictions.

Answer 56

Provided hope, community, and moral guidance; fueled abolitionist sentiment ## Footnote Blended African traditions with Christianity.

Answer 57

Enslaved preacher who led a violent revolt in Virginia ## Footnote Demonstrated the capacity for organized resistance; led to harsher slave laws.

Answer 58

Network of secret routes and safe houses helping enslaved people escape to freedom ## Footnote Provided practical resistance to slavery; symbolized Northern support for abolition.

Answer 59

Individuals hired to supervise enslaved laborers on plantations ## Footnote Enforced discipline and productivity; often used violence to maintain control.

Answer 60

African-derived marriage ritual among enslaved people ## Footnote Maintained cultural identity and celebrated unions despite legal restrictions.

Answer 61

Legislative debates over the future of slavery in Virginia after Nat Turner’s revolt ## Footnote Highlighted internal Southern debate; reinforced fears of rebellion and reluctance to emancipate.

Answer 62

Escaped enslaved woman and key conductor on the Underground Railroad ## Footnote Helped hundreds of enslaved people reach freedom; iconic figure in abolition and resistance.

Answer 63

Enslaved people selected to supervise other slaves in the fields ## Footnote Acted as intermediaries; often resented but crucial to plantation management.

Answer 64

Group of enslaved people chained together for forced migration or sale ## Footnote Demonstrated the brutality of the domestic slave trade and human suffering.

Answer 65

Cultural blending of African and European elements among enslaved populations ## Footnote Created unique African American traditions in language, religion, music, and social practices.

Answer 66

Package of laws intended to settle disputes over slavery in territories acquired from Mexico ## Footnote Included California as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, and popular sovereignty for New Mexico and Utah.

Answer 67

Nativist political party in the 1850s opposing immigrants and Catholics ## Footnote Reflected anxieties over immigration and cultural change; briefly influential in national politics.

Answer 68

John Brown’s raid on a federal arsenal aiming to incite a slave rebellion ## Footnote Radicalized the nation; alarmed the South and heightened fears of Northern aggression.

Answer 69

Law requiring citizens to assist in the capture of escaped enslaved people ## Footnote Provoked Northern outrage and increased support for abolition; intensified sectional conflict.

Answer 70

Settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide on slavery via popular sovereignty ## Footnote Repealed the Missouri Compromise; led to violent conflict known as 'Bleeding Kansas'.

Answer 71

Radical abolitionist who led violent actions against slavery ## Footnote Symbol of militant abolitionism; intensified national tensions over slavery.

Answer 72

Novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe depicting the harsh realities of slavery ## Footnote Influenced Northern public opinion and fueled anti-slavery sentiment.

Answer 73

Series of violent clashes in Kansas over slavery between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers ## Footnote Demonstrated the failure of popular sovereignty; foreshadowed the Civil War.

Answer 74

Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin ## Footnote Raised awareness of slavery’s moral horrors; became a leading voice in Northern abolitionism.

Answer 75

Supreme Court case ruling that African Americans could not be citizens ## Footnote Invalidated the Missouri Compromise; outraged the North and emboldened the South.

Answer 76

Series of debates focusing on slavery in territories during the Illinois Senate race ## Footnote Highlighted moral and political divisions over slavery; elevated Lincoln to national prominence.

Answer 77

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and favored a negotiated peace ## Footnote Represented political dissent in the North; challenged Lincoln’s policies and the war effort.

Answer 78

First major battle of the Civil War in Virginia, resulting in a Confederate victory ## Footnote Shattered Northern illusions of a short war; demonstrated the need for better-trained armies.

Answer 79

Pivotal three-day battle in Pennsylvania; Union victory under George Meade ## Footnote Marked the turning point of the war in the East; Confederate forces retreated.

Answer 80

Radical pro-slavery Southern politicians who advocated secession ## Footnote Fueled Southern nationalism and pushed states toward secession after Lincoln’s election.

Answer 81

The bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history ## Footnote Halted Lee’s invasion of the North; gave Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

Answer 82

Union general and later 18th President; led Union armies to victory ## Footnote Key figure in winning the war; implemented total war strategy in the South.

Answer 83

Commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia ## Footnote Skilled strategist; symbol of Southern resistance and military leadership.

Answer 84

Executive order by Lincoln declaring freedom for slaves in Confederate-held territories ## Footnote Shifted the war’s purpose toward abolition; allowed African Americans to join Union forces.

Answer 85

Lee surrendered to Grant, effectively ending the Civil War ## Footnote Marked the conclusion of major fighting; set the stage for Reconstruction.

Answer 86

Celebration of freedom by newly emancipated African Americans ## Footnote Symbolized the joy and hope of emancipation; reinforced community and cultural identity.

Answer 87

Laws passed in Southern states to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans after the Civil War ## Footnote Attempted to maintain white supremacy and control labor.

Answer 88

Southern Democrats who sought to end Reconstruction and restore white Democratic control ## Footnote Rolled back African American rights and political gains.

Answer 89

Federal agency established to assist freed slaves with education, healthcare, and labor contracts ## Footnote Provided vital support to African Americans during Reconstruction.

Answer 90

Agricultural system in which freedmen and poor whites worked land in exchange for a share of the crop ## Footnote Kept African Americans economically dependent and tied to the land.

Answer 91

Promise of land redistribution to freed slaves that was largely unfulfilled ## Footnote Raised expectations for economic independence; failure highlighted limits of Reconstruction.

Answer 92

Credit system where farmers borrowed against future crops, often at high interest rates ## Footnote Trapped many freedmen and poor whites in cycles of debt.

Answer 93

Northern individuals who moved to the South during Reconstruction ## Footnote Seen as opportunists by Southerners; some contributed to Reconstruction reforms.

Answer 94

White supremacist organization using terror to suppress African Americans and Republican influence ## Footnote Undermined Reconstruction; enforced racial hierarchy through violence.

Answer 95

Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party ## Footnote Viewed as traitors by other Southerners; helped implement Reconstruction policies.

Answer 96

System of racial segregation laws in the South after Reconstruction ## Footnote Institutionalized racial discrimination for decades; reversed many gains of Reconstruction.

AMH Final Flashcards

(120 cards)