1
Q
List the Anarchist Thinkers
A
Max Stirner
Joseph proudhon
Mikahail Bakunin
Peter Kromptkin
emma goldman
2
Q
what are the anarchist key ideas
A
human nature
* power/the state corrupts
* positive view of human nature
1. capable of rationalism and reciprocity
* individualist vs social
* altruism vs atomistic individualsm
society
* rejection of the state
* anarchy is order (Utopianist view)
* importance of liberty
* economic freedom (states roel in econ)
* individualism vs collectivism
* means
* ends
* capitalism vs socialism
3
Q
what are the different types of anarchism anf the subtypes of those
A
Indervidualist
* egosism
* anarcho capitaliam
Collectivist
* anarcho communism
* mutualism
* anarcho- syndicalism
4
Q
What is the core of Max Stirners belife/ ( Egosism)
A
egoism
* rejection of the state
* The state and society and religon are “artificial” or “artifices”. They are like “illusions” or “spooks” that haunt the indervidual and distort their true reallity.
the state/power corrupts and utopian/ anarchy is order
* The indervidual must cut through these things to discover the truth. That the selfinterested and rational indervidual is at the centre oftheir own morral universe.
* The indervidual is soverign and they will regain teh “owness” when the state ceases to exist
5
Q
what is an artifice
A
a fake hood / trick
6
Q
what is insurrection
A
a violent uprising or rebellion against authority
7
Q
What are Max Stirner’s views on the state ( and subsequentally Society)
(6)
A
- rejection of the state
- The state and society is fake and came about by accident , in this book the ego and its own he refured to it as an “artifice”, “illsuion” or “spook”
- The state/ power corrupts
- therefore The state, along with society and especially religion “haunt” and corrupt the individual
- these tings act liek “cog/wheel” turnign in ones head, to dictate hwo the indervidual acts. disguising them from the The truth which is is That the indervidual is rational, self interested and soveign beings, at the “centre of their own morral universe”
- means
- Stirner argues for insurrection via the pramry means of withdrawel of labour so the ste withers and dies. baically inderviduals asseting their liberty vis violents or propeganda of the deed e
- economic freedom
- “the self-interested and rational individual should be able to use anything or anyone they want to achieve their own purposes” - because of this humans will use their rational to act reseprosically and fairly
- anarchy is order
- the individual is rational at “centre of their own morral universe” therefor it is well within their capcity to guid their own actions and if they can morrly justify it then it is correct.
8
Q
what is propperganda of the deed
A
revolution via non violent means, strikes, protests and refusals to engage with teh state or society ( making overt demostration)
9
Q
what does Max Stirner belive about Human nature
(4)
A
state corrupted human nature
* wheels/cogs turnign in the head
* spooks haunting
* disolusion peopel from their “owness”
* possitve view
1. self interst is a good thing
1. The indervidual is a by nature soveign being at the “centre of their own moral universe” but humans are rationals so we will act resoprosiclly sometimes when it is best for us meaning that an anchist “society” will be utopian.
2. teh ego is the motivating force behind all actions and this is a virtue. humans are rationals so we will act resoprosiclly sometimes when it is best for us meaning that an anchist “society” will be utopian.
* individualism
3. self interested
4. “the ego is the motivating force of all human action” and our -rimary gol is the accumulation of peoperty. ( and this is a virtue).
* thestate/power corrupts
4. The indervidual has been hidden from the truth of their being or their “ownness” by the corrupting forces of the state, society and religon.
10
Q
What does Stirner belive about Society that does not also apply the state
A
- individualist
- people are not collectivist but indervidual “soveign” beings in themself at teh centre of tehir own moral universe.
- the accumulation of propperty and matterial possestion is the primary ecconomic motivation and goal.
- anarchy is order/Utopianist
- as inderviduals are the centre of their own moral universe and should be able to act “without moral constraint”. Indeed, in his book, Stirner does not criticise a mother who kills her child, a man who commits incest and a murderer who no longer regards as long as he can justify his actions.
10
Q
what does Stirner believe about the ecconomy.
(5)
A
- propperty
- He does not belive in private proppert. Anything should be used freely by self-interested individuals without external moral constraints.
- system - (economic freedom)
- Stinner dissmisses Both Collectiev ownership, capitalim and limiting the freedom of the indervidual
- Stirner dismisses capitalist as “slavery” as it compells inderviduals to work.
- Finally, as the self interested indervidual’s “ego is teh motivating force behind all human actions”, the accumulation of propperty and matterial possestion is the primary ecconomic motivation and goal. (individualsim)
- state role
- refection of state economy and regulation, protected the interests of the ruling class and perpetuated economic inequalities
- welfair/redistruction
- He belives a individual should be able to enjoy the full fruits of their labour.
- He does not belive in private proppert. Anything should be used freely by self-interested individuals
- means of transition
- insercetion / individuals assertingthemself e
11
Q
Who was Joseph Proudhon
A
He was a left wing french politiciacn 1809-65, the first person the acharterise teh term “Anarchism” is a possitive light
12
Q
who was Max Stirner
A
School techer 1806-1856
13
Q
what is Proudhosn phillosopy also known as
A
Mutualism
14
Q
what is Max Stirner’s philosophy known as
A
Egoism
15
Q
what is the philosophy taht bridges collectivsit and indervidualist anarchsim
A
Mutualism
16
Q
What did Joseph Proudhon belive about HN -not one to quote on this topic
(5)
A
- possitive
- his belifes were mostly congruent will Communist ideology only on Human nature,
- “Man is not the enemy of man, but through the medium of government.”
- This quote suggests that Proudhon believed that human beings, in their natural state, are not inherently antagonistic towards one another
- soical
- i.e humans are collectivsit (social), and would band together into small localised and productive comunities
- “Man is a being essentially relative and social by nature”
- what sperates him is that he belive humans should have the right to opperate indervidually is they so please and have the right to they basic means and tehe mans to work
- power/teh state corrupts
- “Man is not the enemy of man, but through the medium of government.”
- “Man is a being essentially relative and social by nature; his existence depends on society”
16
Q
What did Joseph proudhon belive about the state and scociety
(5)
A
- Rejction of the state
- Proudhon was against the idea of representive and dirrect democracy in its current form although he stressed the importnace of popular participation in governace. he argued that any type of centralised controle/state quelled teh freedom of the indervidual
- value liberty and economic freedom
- the elite used propperty ( not possetions, wict he destingueshed as fundiamnetally differnt) to supress the lower classes, ( e.g the private retened sector) diserned that “propperty was theft” in his book what is propperty
- he argued colletivism challenged the inderviduals natural rigth to own a home and possess enough land or tools to be able to work.
- Proudhon believed that capitalism concentrated wealth and property in the hands of a few individuals, leading to economic inequality and social injustice that limited peoples freedom.
- anarchy is order
- Under mutualism, self-governing producers, individually or in associations, exchange goods and services through contracts freely entered into on a mutually-beneficial and non-profit-making basis (the value of products being based on the amount of labour time involved (their true value).
- He argued for a system of decentralized federations and voluntary associations
- means
- he rejects inserection as a means to overtrhow the state. He belives in a peaseful transition, where a mutualist society of federations of communities , will form coasiding with the rest of society ( a people’s bank for example). The state would simply wither and die as people stopped engaging and transitione doever to mutualism as teh superior way od life.
16
Q
what did Joseph proudhon belive about the economy
(6)
A
- property
- proppert is a means for the elite to supress and controle the working classes
- he condemned the idea of private propperty, famously staing “ proppert is theift”. However, he distinguished propperty from prossetions.
system - condemned both communism and capitalism
- communism challenged the inderviduals natural rigth to own their home and enough land and tools to work
- in mutualism self-governing producers exchange goods and services through contracts freely entered into on a mutually-beneficial ( small holds or individuals or comunities)
- he argued for servises, labour and products to be exchanged at their true cost/ face value
- welfaire / redistratbution
- in the establishment of cooperative associations where workers would collectively own and manage the means of production, enabling them to benefit more directly from their labor and distrbaute tehings fairly, thsi would eliminate teh need for welfair (utopianist) - individual had righ to not partake
- state roel / regulations
- rejection of the state / economic freedom
means - emergence of systems seperte from the state e.g a peopels bank
17
Q
who was Mikahail Bakunin
(2)
A
- he was a russian arosocrat, raddiclised by marx as a young man, but whom broke from teh tradditional marxist phillosophy to become an anarchist
- 1814-76
18
Q
what was Joesph Proudhon’s book called
A
“what is propperty”
1. ( asserted propperty is theft)
19
Q
what did Mikhail Bakunin belive about Huamn nature
(4)
A
state and power corrupts
* Tradditionally Marxist belife about HN human nature is plastic and corrupted by the state.they were close affiates however they diverged in that mikail emphaised the corrupting nature of all power. therfore after the revolution of the proletariat a vanguard dictatorship could not take hold as teh state woudl never wither and die once tehy had teh taste of power
* possitiev view
* He belived in natural laws founded on natural rigths that all people intuited and respected
anarchy is order
* he belived in naturally occuring collectivist comunes that would trade and function in a federal like way lareger issues then imediatly dissasembel
* social
* “Man is an eminently social being; there is nothing more natural, more human, than association”
20
Q
What did mikhail Bakunin belive about the state/ society
(7)
A
- the state/power corrups
- he was initually marxist but diverged from marx in that he did not belive in a worker’s state taking hold after teh evolution, and seasing the means of prodduction and he very stongly believed tahst power was corrupting and thus teh state woud not fade away
- rejection of the state
- He saw religion as a social institution that often served to legitimize and reinforce existing hierarchies and oppressive systems of the state
- means
- He belived in inserection partcullarly propeganda of the deed to weeken the state, then violent action
anarchy is order - he belived that naturally occuring localised colletivist comunes would form.
1. “Man is an eminently social being; there is nothing more natural, more human, than association” - they would inherantly follow the order of natural law ( respecting and protteting eachothers natural rights).
- economic freedom
- tehy woudld trade and interct with other communes at true value
- if lareg issues imgered he belived a semi perminat federal body would imgerge to resulve issue, tehn said body would imediatly disband
21
Q
what was Mikahail Bakunins view on the economy
(2)
A
property
* despite being an advokate of natural rights he argued private property was a social construct and not an inherent right.
* collective ownership of the means of production ( marxism)
* system
* Freedom without socialism is privilege and injustice
* free trade between colleticvist comunes at the true value of things
* comunism without the vanguard dictatorship at teh start
* state regulation
* non
* welfair/redistrabution
* each acoring to his abillities to each acording to his needs
* “The land belongs to all” - economic freedom
* means
* violent revolution and proeganda of the deed
22
who was peter Kromptkin
| (3)
* Peter Kromptkin was another russian arostcrat who despised the zarist state of the 1800s.
* 1942-1921
* he was the guy who lived with and obsered the swiss watch makers
23
what did Peter Kropotkin belive about HN
| (2)
* **power corrupted**
* had a marxist view on HN but simillarly to Bakunin he belive that power corrupted so he did not wnat a workers state
* **possitve view** and **social**
* He belived that HN could be observed through looking at how other animals behave, for example he observed how ants were extreemly selfsacrificign for the collective and diserned that this was the best way that aspecise could optimise its servival thus humans must be the same. this was teh foundation of his idea of mutual aid, emphasizes voluntary cooperation and assistance among individuals and communities for their mutual benefit.
1. "Man is no exception in nature"
24
what cattorgorie does peter Kromptkins phillosphy fit into
Anarcho communism and mutual aid - close to symdiclism
25
whos idea was mutual aid
Peter Kromptkin not Josheph proudhon with mutualism
26
what did peter kromptkin belive about the state
| (5)
**means**
* he belived in inserection and propperganda of the deed
1. "The most powerful revolutions are those which attack the roots of social evils—the railways, machinery, the very sources of wealth
* **anarchy is order**
* once the state was dismemboured naturally occuring localised collectivist communes would form based arounf the priciapal of mutual aid
* Unike the other Thinkers he wnats democracy, ( dirrect dimocra y with high participation), rateher than consensus.
* **economic freedom**
* private propperty and wages abolished
* goods and servsies freely available depnding on an inderviduals need " From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"
27
Petre Kromptkin on the ecconomy
* Marxism
* **system**
* mutual aid
28
who was Emma Goldman
* russian, 1869-1940
* disabled
29
what was Emma Goldman's view on the state
* **rejection of teh state**
* "the state is a cold monster [...] it should be rejected as it is imoral"
* goldman believd the state was at the core of all violoenec in society and it maintained is self with the core twin evils: millitarism and patrolism
* **means**
* Goldman advocated for inserection and proppeganda of the deed as a means of revolution
* **anarchy is order**
* like Mikhail and proudhon she wanted a kind of "comunist society" but without a wokrers state. as she saw how power corrupted
**state/power corrups**
* she argued that any state was corrupting, especially the Soviet comunist state as it was far to strong being "compulsary state comunism"
30
what did emma goldman believe were the core twin evils of the state and what did she think they should eb replaced by
Millitarism and patriotism
paternalism
31
what did Goldman belive about the ecconomy
* Marxism
* **system**
* heavilly critisised the soviet state as it was "compulsary stae comunism" with co liberty or **ecconomic freedom**
* **propperty** ( a right to have basic means)
* "Ask for work. If they don't give you work, ask for bread. If they don't give you work or bread, take bread "
32
what did Kromotkin mean by mutual aid
mutual aid was esentually his oposition to social darwinism and the idea of survival of the fittest. he observed and belived taht specise had a better chance of survival if they acted mutually as one, in the best interest of the collective
33
what is Kropotkins philloososy equivilant to
anarcho-communism but is very closely linked with the idea of anarchosyndiclism ( just without the tade unions part)
34
what is anarcho- syndicliam
* a type of anarchism that emerged from teh trade unions. they avocate for a society like Kromotkin describes, with small varied localised communities interacting witheachother, based on the principals of mutual aid.
* its is revolutionary in terms of its means based on inserction, propeganda by the deed and dirrect action particularly direct ation
35
name an anarcho syndiclist thinker
George sorel
36
what do anarcho capitalists believ interm sof HN
* they champion many neo liberal ideals such atomistic indervidualism for the correct and natural HN
* they belive humans are indervidualistic, selfish and rational
* similar to Stirner they believ that humans will not exploit eachother and instead act receprostically sometimes as their rationallity means that they understanbd that sometimes it is in their best interest to do so.
37
what do anarcho-capitalists belive about the state/society
* they champion many neo liberal ideals such as negtive freedoms
* they belive that taxation is expoitative - Like robbert nozick said, "taxation is theft"
* they belive in a individualist anarchist society with a compleet freemarket ecconomy
38
why does Max stirner not belive humans will end up in choaos if theyfollow egoism
* he belives humand have a sense of rational morality
* they will understand that soemtimes it is in there best interest to co-operte with others and work together, but this is done out of a sense of reciprocity not kindness
39
who is a anarcho-capitalist key thinker
David Friedman, ( Robert Nozics son )
40
what funimental principals do anarchist believ in interms of the state
| (4 with examples)
* rejection off the state
1. emma Goldman " the state is a cold monster [...] it should be rejected as it is imoral"
* The state is an inorganic corrupting force on human nature
1. Stirner/ egosist belive the state alsong with society and religion are like "wheels turning in your head" or "spooks" haunting you and corrupting your nature
* other than proudhon/ mutualists all anarchists believ that teh state must be overthrough via violent means (inserection).
1. syndicists belive in"dirrect action" against the state
2. mikhail bankunin preposed propeganda of the deed witch is refusal to engage with any of the mechanisms of society like Taxation as well as violent action
* anarchy is order, and when it is achived a "utopian society will emerge"
( as the state is a corrupting force on HN, once it is removed social order will naturally occure.)
1. Stirner belived people were not altrusitic or social but they were ratioanl so peopel would be able to act reciprosically with oneanother
2. Kromptkin belived once the state was dismanteled naturally occuring localised collective comunities would emerge. He came up with the therory of mutual aid, wicth was a dirrect challenge to social darwinsism. he stated that when the state was aloished people would act for the greater good of the collective rateher than as atomistic inderviduals. This was best for the continuation of the speicies. this princial of mutual benifit woudl also apply for trading and working with cother comunes
3. this idea is belived in the same capacity with anarcho-syndiclists, just that the collectives would be made up of trade unions
41
what is propeganda by the dead and who preposed it
refusal to engage with the state as well as violent acts as a means of protests Makhail Bakunin
42
How do anarchist disagree interms of the state
| (3 with examples )
* they disagree on the means of achivng anachism
1. proudhon belived an anarchist society woudld energe coasiding with the state and then take over with the state "withering away", simillar tohwo marx described.
* they disagee on how order is to be maintained
1. indervidualist anarchists argue that order will be maintianed as people will act reciprosically and without mallice for their own benifit ( altough stirner argued peopel are teh centre of their own moral universes, he argued if a mother can morally justify killing her own child, they is nothing wrong with doing so
2. Proudhon argued thst the new "society" would be governed by natral laws based upon natural rights, such as teh right to the means to live and freedom of speach etc
3. however kropotkin argues that order would be maintained through dirrect decocracy with lareg participation
4. meanwhile Goldman, bakunin and proudhon also belived that any dessions made would be based on mutual agreement in comunities to aid tirany of the majority.
* they disagree on what the end "stucture of society" woudl look like
1. indervidualsit, specifically anarcho capitalsists describe an atomisticsociety of inderviduals.
1. mutualsits believ that people are entitaled to the tools and land to work abnd to own their own home, but also taht peopel are sociable and altrusitic. this mens that tehre society woudl exist of many inderviduals and groupstrading good and servses for the mutal good of oneanother
1. Anarcho- comunists believ smilalr, but without the funidimental agnoligent of the individuals liberty.
1. Finally anarcho- syndiclists belive the same expt thatthe colelctives will be of skilled trade unions, such as the swiss watch makers Kropotkin stayed with in the alpes.
43
How do anarchists agree on HN
* a possitive view of Human nature
1. Induervidualist anarchists such as Max stirner and egoists belive Humans are naturally rational, soveign, self motivated beings at the centre of their own moral universe.
2. Although to a foreign ear these may sound like negative quallities, indervidualist anarchists such as archo-capitalsist David Freidman are heavily influeneced by Neo Liberals such as Anne Rand and Robbert Nozick who argue that "objectivism" and selfishness are actually the most productive of the human triats.
2. Collectivist anarchists have a more traditional interpretation of "positive human nature". They belive that Humans are naturally altrusistic, sociable and empirical.
3. For example, ancarchocomunists such as peter Kropotkin believe that once the state collapses humans will intuativelly go to forming small localised comunities/comunes, based on his princiapal of mutaual aid. this evovolves the idea of self sacrifice to the needs of the group as people lose their sense of "indervidualism" and selfishness.
4. Mikhail Bakunin belived that once the state was abolished humans inherant intuition for the "natural laws", or of " natural rights" would remerge and society would be free from man made evils.
* HN is plastic and corrupted by the state
1. colletivist anarchists such as Emma Goldman belive strongly in the idea That Power (specifically in the form of higherarchical state) corrupts the inderviduals true sociable and altrusitic nature. This is why her and other anarcho comunists such as Kropotkin and Bakunin apposed a workers state despite pbeliving most Maxist dogma. ( goldman points to Comunist russia as a prime example of this)
2. Indervidualist anarchists such as Max stirner and egoists believ that the state and society act like "wheels" or cogs in the head, or "spooks" haunting the indurdidual. In doingso he blives they disalude us from are "ownness" or indervidualist nature.
43
How do anarchists agree on HN
* a possitive view of Human nature
1. Induervidualist anarchists such as Max stirner and egoists belive Humans are naturally rational, soveign, self motivated beings at the centre of their own moral universe.
2. Although to a foreign ear these may sound like negative quallities, indervidualist anarchists such as archo-capitalsist David Freidman are heavily influeneced by Neo Liberals such as Anne Rand and Robbert Nozick who argue that "objectivism" and selfishness are actually the most productive of the human triats.
2. Collectivist anarchists have a more traditional interpretation of "positive human nature". They belive that Humans are naturally altrusistic, sociable and empirical.
3. For example, ancarchocomunists such as peter Kropotkin believe that once the state collapses humans will intuativelly go to forming small localised comunities/comunes, based on his princiapal of mutaual aid. this evovolves the idea of self sacrifice to the needs of the group as people lose their sense of "indervidualism" and selfishness.
4. Mikhail Bakunin belived that once the state was abolished humans inherant intuition for the "natural laws", or of " natural rights" would remerge and society would be free from man made evils.
* HN is plastic and corrupted by the state
1. colletivist anarchists such as Emma Goldman belive strongly in the idea That Power (specifically in the form of higherarchical state) corrupts the inderviduals true sociable and altrusitic nature. This is why her and other anarcho comunists such as Kropotkin and Bakunin apposed a workers state despite pbeliving most Maxist dogma. ( goldman points to Comunist russia as a prime example of this)
2. Indervidualist anarchists such as Max stirner and egoists believ that the state and society act like "wheels" or cogs in the head, or "spooks" haunting the indurdidual. In doingso he blives they disalude us from are "ownness" or indervidualist nature.
44
How do anarchists diagree on HN
* Anarchists esentually fundimentlly disagree on what human nature is
1. Kopotkin oberved and stayed with a highly co-operative and succesful group of swiss watch makers in the alps as well as oberved the animal kingdom such as communities of self sacrificing ants, who devoted tehmself to the sucess of the collectve. He concluded that human nature must inherantly be one of "mutual aid" where humans act altruistically and coperatively in social groups inorder to help the progression/survival of thier specie.
2. However, Stirner belives that people are self motivated, rational objective beings, at the centre of their own moral universe. Indeed, in his book " the ego and its own" argues to not criticise a mother who kills her child, a man who commits incest and a murderer who no longer regards his action as wrong.
* how the state corrupts HN
1. collectivist anarchists such as mutalists argue that capitalsim corrupts. Specically Proudhon argues in his book "what is propperty" that propperty and materical possetions act as a source of power for the elite to supress the working classes. But as "power corrups", so does the proppert to thoes with more, making them more andmore selfish and indervidualsitic
2. However, as Proudhon argues that "Propperty was theft" and a corruping force, anarcho-capitalists, such as David freidman argue "taxation is theift". They belive that human nature is rational and with a freemarket the funtions of the state would be filled out more affectively. Freidman preposes Socialist Dogma and economics have corrupted the way peopel act.
3. meanwhile Stiner and egosist, point to not just teh state but society, tradition and religion as corrupting peoples rational and self guidign moral compus.
45
what did Goldman argue about any form of pollitical participation o the state in society.
That "any form of pollitical participation by the state was corrupting"
46
How do anarchists agree on the economy
* no state intervention (anarchists dont bliev in a stse so they oviously dont belve in state intervention within the economy)
1. Anarcgo capitalsits such as david freedman comleet Laissez fair ecconomics, belives the funtions of state will be taekn over more effectively by private enterprizes. He uses teh prisonsystem as an example, but suggests teh same can occure with the police force and for welfair
2. Kopotkin belives once teh state is abolishes a "econonomybased on mutual aid will emerge. This will conist of the collective inherantly redistrabuting goods resembing a kind of welfair state, according the marxis princiapal "each according to his "from each according to his abillity, to each acording to his needs".
* widely agree on the idea of redistrabution within collective anarchism
47
what was max stinirs quote on the primary motivating human force
" the ego is the motivating force of all human action"
48
max stirnir belived a man was entiltled to all ........
earthly goods
49
anarco- capitalsidts argued that welfair would be taken on by
charities
50
whos the other anarcho capitalist that sint David freidman ?
Murray Rothbard
51
whos the closest to an anarcho comunist
mikahail bakunin and emma goldman
52
emma goldman on huamn nature
**state corrupsts**
* "Every society has the criminals it deserves."
In this quote, Goldman suggests that the flaws and injustices within a society are reflected in the individuals it produces.
53
george Sorel quote on means
A revolution can be neither made nor stopped
Isms
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
# Cards
