Characteristic features of atlas ?
- No body or spine
2. 2 lateral masses
Characteristic features of axis?
- odontoid process “ dens”
Characteristic features of c7 ?
Long spinous process, not bifid
Ligaments of the cervical vertebrae and functions ?
- Apical ligament: connects apex of dens to foramen magnum
- Alar ligament : connect dens to medial side of occipital condyles
- Cruciate ligament. :binds dens to anterior arch or atlas
Joints and their movements ?
- Atlanto-occipiotal joint : flexion, extension , and lateral flexion
- Atlanto-axial joint : rotation
Ligaments and attachments
- Apical ligament: connects apex of dens to foramen magnum
- Alar ligament : connect dens to medial side of occipital condyles
- Cruciate ligament. :binds dens to anterior arch or atlas
- Anterior + posterior longitudinal ligaments: hold vertebrae together, allow some movement
- Supraspinous ligament: between the tips of adjacent spines
- Interspinous ligament : connect adjacent spines
- Ligamentus flavum. :connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae
- Ligamentum nuchae : extends from c7 to the external occipital protuberance
Applied aspects
1.judicial hanging :
Rupture of transverse ligament of atlas dens fracture, fatal compression of spinal cord
- Hyperextention :
Anterior longitudinal ligament is severely stretched or torn - Flexion and rotation :
May tear one of the alar ligaments - Excessive flexion :
May rupture supraspinous ligament
Normal features of typical vertebrae ?
- small body that is longer horizontally
- short + bifid spinous processes
- transverse processes have foramen transvsarium
- large + triangular vertebral foramen
Origin &insertion of levator scapulae?
Origin : transverse processes of c1 - c4
Insertion : medial border of scapula
Origin insertion action and nerve supply of trapezius
Origin: Skull - External occipital protuberance Ligamentum nuchae Vertebrae - spines of C7, T1-T12
Insertion : Clavicle - lateral 1/3; Scapula - acromion and spine Actions: Elevates (upper fibers) and Depresses (lower fibers) Shoulder Retracts scapula
Innervation: Accessory nerve(cranial nerve 11)
Origin insertion action and nerve supply of latissimus dorsi ?
Origin: spines of the lower six thoracic vertebrae • Insertion: bicipital groove of humerus. • Action: extends, adducts and rotates the arm medially • Nerve supply: Thoracodorsal nerve
Rhomboid major nerve supply
Dorsal scapular nerve
Both triangles -boundaries and contents
Auscultatory Triangle: Boundaries: latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and medial border of scapula. • Site where breath sounds are most easily heard with a stethoscope.
Lumbar Triangle:
Boundaries : latissimus dorsi, posterior border of external oblique muscle of the abdomen, and iliac crest. • Site of an abdominal hernia; or where pus may emerge from the abdominal wall.
Name the muscles of the deep layer ?
divisible into 3 subgroups:
• 1st layer: Splenius
• 2nd layer: Erector Spinae: Iliocostalis
Longissimus Spinalis
• 3rd layer: Transversospinal:
Multifidus
Rotatores Semispinalis
Intermediate Extrinsic Muscles
?
Serratus
posterior superior.
Serratus
posterior inferior.
