1
Q
kidney function
A
filter and excrete waste products from the blood
2
Q
where does the right kidney lie
A
L1-L3
3
Q
where does the left kidney lie
A
T12-L2
4
Q
kidneys lie anterior to
A
quadrates lumborum
5
Q
kidneys lie later to
A
posts major
6
Q
what ribs are near the kidney
A
11 and 12
7
Q
the kidneys move in what direction on inspiration
A
inferiorly
8
Q
fat all the way round kidney
A
perirenal
9
Q
each renal papilla is associated with
A
a minor calyx
10
Q
the renal artery is more …. than the vein
A
posterior
11
Q
what does the distal convoluted tubule control
A
acid base and water balance
12
Q
where does aldosterone cause na to be reabsorbed
A
distal convoluted tubule
13
Q
urinary tract lined by
A
transitional epithelium
14
Q
junction between kidney and ureter
A
pelviureteric
15
Q
what is the opening of the bladder called
A
ureteric orifice
16
Q
what always causes bilateral kidneys problems
A
obstruction of the urethra
17
Q
lymph from kidneys drains to
A
lumbar nodes
18
Q
lymph from ureters drains to
A
lumbar and iliac does
19
Q
sympathetic innervation of kidneys
A
T10-L2
20
Q
parasympathetic innervation to kidneys is via
A
vagus
21
Q
when do the ureters turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
A
ischial spine
22
Q
in males the utter lies inferiorly to what
A
vas deferens
23
Q
what tube goes into uterus and what goes out
A
in - uterine tube
out- round ligament of the uterus
24
Q
pouch in males
A
rectovesivle
25
ureter artery and venous drainage
internal iliac artery and vein
26
urethra near the end transitions to what epithelium
stratified squamous
27
innervation of urethra
S2-4
28
in the scrotum the testes sit within a sac called
tunica vaginalsi
29
spermatic hord cosnists fo
testicualr artery, vein, vas deferens
30
blood supply to testes
testicualr arteries
31
right testicualr vein drains into
Ivc
32
left testicular vein drains into
left renal vein
33
arteries from the penis arise from
internal pudendal artery
34
blood supply to the scrotum
internal pudendal and branches from the external iliac
35
where does lymph from most of the penis and scrotum drain to
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
36
lymph from test drains to
lumbar nodes
37
inferior aspect of what in males is in contact with elevator ani muscle
prostate
38
parasympathetic nerve fibres for kidneys are ureters are within what and what for bladder
kidneys and ureters - vagus
bladder- pelvic splanchnic nerves
39
optic canal contains
optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
40
what is the bigger hole within the eye
superior orbital fissure
41
orbicularis oris is supplied by what
facial nerve
42
what muscle closes the eyelids
orbicualris oris
43
what is deep to orbicualris oris
tarsal plates
44
meibomian gland lies within the
tarsal plates
45
what does the meibomian gland secrete
oily substance that slows evaporation of tears
46
what does the orbital septum prevent
spread of infection
47
what elevates the upper eyelid
lavatory palpebral superioris
48
lacrimal gland produces lacrimal fluid as a result of what innervation
PARASYMPATHETIC - facial
49
fluid drains into
lacrimal puncta
50
where do all the rectus muscles originate
common tendinous ring
51
where do all the rectus muscles insert
onto sclera
52
superior oblique originales forme where
sphenoid bone
53
inferior oblique origiantes from where
orbital plate of maxilla
54
levator palpebrae superioris contaisn smooth muscle fibres known as
mueller muscle
55
what is mueller muscle innovated by
sympathetic - via the LPS which ice innervated by oculomotor
56
what muscle do not have a sencoday movement
medial and lateral rectus
57
superior and inferior oblique also look
medially
58
superior and inferior rectus also look
laterally
59
what forms the deepest part of the eyelid
conjunctiva
60
what adjusts in size in response to light
iris
61
what adapts the shape of the lens and produces aqueous humour
ciliary body
62
what is the light detecting component of the eye
retina
63
where are there no photorecpros forming the optic disc
hence blind spot
64
optic disc is formed by ganglion cells that form the
optic nerve
65
where is the greater density of cones
macula
66
what is responsible for high acuity vision
fovea
67
where contains location for floaters
posterior chamber
68
where is aqueous reabsorbed
scleral venous sinus ( canal of schlemn)
69
where doe the eyeball receive most of blood supply
ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid
70
what is an end artery that supplies the internal surface of the retina
central artery of the retina
71
what sinus are near the pituitary gland
cavernous
72
venous drainage fo eyeball;s
superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
73
superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain from the eyeball into the
cavernous sinus
74
what is the only vein that drains the retina
central vein of the retina
75
sympathetic chain exits spinal chord at
T1- L2
76
what carries parasympathetic to handgut, pelvis and perineum
sacral spinal nerves
77
parasympathetic innervation of eye is via
oculomotor nerve
78
levator palpeerde superior supplied by what nerve
oculomotor
79
what constricts the pupil
sphincter pupillae
80
pupillary light reflex afferent is via
optic and efferent is via oculomotor
81
in near vision what contracts and what relaxes
ciliary muscle contracts and ligaments relaxes
82
lens becomes what shape in near vision
spherical
83
afferent and efferent for tears
afferent - v1
efferent - facial
84
stabilises gaze on an object during head movement
vestibulo - ocular reflex
85
reflex bradycardia in response to tension of extraoocular muscles
oculocardiac reflex
86
what is the protective covering of the brain and spinal chord
meninges
87
dura matter is supplied by
trigemnianl
88
what encloses dural venous sinuses
dura mater
89
what contains circulating CSF and blood vessels
subarachnoid space
90
where can you access subarachnoid space for lumbar puncture
L3/4 or L4/5
91
subarachnoid space ends at what level
S2
92
what adheres to brain
pia
93
what connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle
intraventricualr foramina
94
what does the pituitary gland secrete
hormones
95
thalamus and hypothalamus forms central core of
cerebrum
96
under thalamus/ hypothalamus
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
(All of which comprise the brainstem)
97
what suspends the pituitary
infundibulum
98
sella turcia is within what bone
sphenoid
99
what is anterior and inferior to pituitary gland
spenoid sinus
100
what is lateral to pituitary
cavernous sinus
101
what is a fold of dura mater that covers the pituitary gland and is superior to it
diaphragm sellae
102
what artery is posterior to pituitary gland
basilar
103
anterior pituitary is formed from upgrowth of
rathkes pouch
104
acidophils are
growth hormone and prolactin
105
what does the posterior lobe release
ADH and oxytocin
106
what transports hypothalamic hormones to anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal veins
107
what drains most blood from the cranial l cavity
dural venous sinuses
108
dural venouses drain into
internal jugular vein
109
what sinus can be found on either side fo the sella turcica and drain ophthalmic veins
cavernous sinus
110
entire cranial cavity is lined by what
dura mater
111
what is the dura mater over posterior cranial fossa
tentorium cerebelli
112
the vertebrael arteries form the
basilar artery
113
optic chiasm if formed by what
right and left optic nerves
114
inferior and anterior to pituitary gland is ,,, and lateral to pituitary gland is
sphenoid .. cavernous sinus
115
surgery to access pituitary fossa
transphenoidal
116
difficulty eating is what nerves
trigeminal
117
what does the cavernous sinus do
drains venous blood
118
defect in cavernous sinus
venous haemorrhage
119
what supplies arterial blade to brain and orbit
internal carotid
120
defect in dura mater
cerebrospinal fluid leak
121
what muscle does spinal accessory nerve supply
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
122
vein just under jaw
anterior jugular vein
123
what fascia encloses trapezius and sternocleidomastoiuc
investing
124
what fascia enlsoses thyroid glad , trachea , oesophagus
pretracheal
125
what fascia surrounds common carotid, IJV
carotid sheath
126
platysma is supplied by what nerve
facial
127
medial to lateral
common carotid, vagus, IJV
128
deep cervical lymph nodes are where
IJV
129
all strap muscles except thyrohyoid are innervated by
ansa cervicalis
130
thyrohyoid unnerved by C1
131
thyroid gland is between what levels
C5- T1
132
what is on posterior surface of thyroid glands
4 parathyroid glands
133
what is posterior to thyroid gland
recurrent laryngeal nerve
134
superior thyroid artery arises form
external carotid
135
inferior thyroid artery arises form
subclavian artery
136
how many thyroid veins
3 - superior, middle and inferior
137
superior and middle thyroid vein drain into
INTERNAL jugular vein
138
inferior thyroid vein drains into the
brachiocephalic vein
139
parasympathetic innervation to the thyroid gland
vagus
140
lymphatic drainage of the thyroid
paratracheal and deep cervical lymph nodes
141
surgery where incision is made just superior to clavicles
thyroidectomy
142
right recurrent laryngeal hooks round the
right subclavian artery
143
left recurrent laryngeal hooks round the
arch of the aorta
144
unilateral injury to recurrent laryngeal causes
hoarsensss
145
endocrine pancreas is composed of
islets of langerhans
146
what inhibits the exocrine, endocrine and CNS systems
somatostatin
147
adrenal medullar secretes
adrenaline and noradrenaline
148
what cells are in the adrenal medulla that secrete catecholamines
neuroendocrine (chromaffin)
149
ovary secretes what
oestrogen and progesterone
150
vascular anastomosis o the ovary
ovarian artery and uterine artery
151
what aspect of the cranium surrounds the brain
visecrocranium
152
what aspect of the cranium makes up the facial skeleton
viscerocranium
153
the junction on side of skull
pterion
154
3 processes in temporal bone
mastoid, styloid and zygomatic
155
contents of the internal acoustic meatus
facial nerve, vesitibulocochlear nerve and labyrinthine artery and veins
156
c1 is the
atlas
157
c2 is the
dens
158
what has a bifid spinous process
dens
159
orbicualris oris is supplied by what
facial
160
what is innervated by the facial nerve and located between the mandible and maxilla
buccinator
161
the head of the mandible is called the
mandibular condyle
162
joint between maxilla and mandible
temperomandibular joint
163
temporalis and masserter do what
close the mouth
164
masseter and temporalis are innervated by what
madndibualr nerve
165
medial or lateral pyterygoid that is horizontal
lateral
166
what facial muscle of mastication opens the mouth
lateral pyterygoid
167
medial and lateral pyterygoid are also innervated by
madibualr nerve
168
all the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus are innervated by what
hypoglossal nerve
169
palatoglossus is innervated by what
vagus
170
what elevates and tense to prevent the passage fo food into the nasal cavity
soft palate
171
skeletal muscles of soft palate are innervated by
vagus except tensor veli palatini
172
what is the cartilaginous part of the external ear called
auricle
173
what is the ear canal called
externa acoustic meatus
174
external acoustic meatus end where
tympanic membrane
175
what is the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane
umbo
176
external ear is supplied by what
external carotid artery
177
bones of middle ear
malleus, incus and stapes
178
bones of middle ear
malleus, incus and stapes
179
malleus has long bit
sticking out
180
what does the footplate of stapes attach to
oval window
181
main function of malleus, incus and stapes
conduct vibrations
182
what joints are between the small bones of the middle ear
synovial
183
part of the temporal bone above vertebrae
mastoid antrum
184
mastoiditis is when otitis media spreads where
mastoid air cells
185
if mastoid process get infected
meningitis
186
what can provide surgical access to the tympanic cavity
mastoidectomy
187
2 muscles in the middle ear
tensor tympani and stapedius
188
sensory tympani attaches to what bone
malleus
189
tensor tympani is innervated by what
CNV3
190
stapedius is innervated by what
facial
191
what muscles open the Eustachian tube to equalise pressure
palate muscles
192
what is located posterior to the inferior nasal concha
Eustachian tube
193
function of the Eustachian tube
equalise pressure between the middle ear and naspharynx
194
normally is the Eustachian tube open
no its closed
195
nasopharynx and oropharynx are innervated by
glossopharyngeal
196
laryngopharynx is innervated by
vagus
197
behind tongue is what tonsil
palatine
198
glossopharyngeal of tympanic cavity is via
tympanic plexus
199
tonsillitis and pharyngitis can mimic what via glossopharyngeal
200
tonsillitis and pharyngitis can mimic what via glossopharyngeal
earache
201
what is involves in the maintenance of balance
inner ear
202
in between the semicircular canal and cochlea is the
vestibule
203
centre of the snail shell of the chochlea
helicotrema
204
where is the utricle and sacule
vestibule
205
what are the epithelial cells of hearing and are the functional unit of the inner hair cell
organ of corti
206
hair cells do what In the inner ear
convert mechanical to neural stimuli
207
hair cells are stimulated by the movement of what
endolymph
208
inner ear is supplied by what nerve
vestibulocochlear
209
bit above holes of nose
ala
210
top 1/3 of the nose is ... as the bottom 2/3 is cartilage
bone
211
tip of nose is lined by
stratified squamous
212
most of nose is lined by
psuedostratified columnar epithelium
213
apex of nasal cavity is
olfactory cells with olfactory receptors
214
superior and middle concha are what bone
ethmoid
215
bone immediately posterior to concha
palatine then posterior to that is sphenoid
216
what is the bone in the nasal septum
vomer
217
inferior meatus drains what
nasolacrimal duct
218
what does the middle meatus drain
frontal and maxillary sinuses
219
what is locates superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha
sphenoethmoidal recess
220
anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery arise from
ophthalmic artery
221
anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery arise from
ophthalmic artery
222
sphenoplalatine and greater palatine arise from
maxillary artery
223
septal branch of superior labial artery arises form where
facial artery
224
the only one that comes from the internal carotid artery out of is - ophthalmic, maxillary, facial
ophthalmic
225
what lies on the superior surface fo the cribriform plate
olfactory bulb
226
top half of nose innervation
v1
227
bottom half of nose innervation
V2
228
functions of paransal sinuses
reduce the weight of the skull
229
what sinuses drain into middle meatus
frontal and maxillary
230
what sinus drains into superior meatus
sphenoid
231
what is the space between internal surfer of lips and external surface of teeth
oral vestibule
232
what is the soft papale composed of
muscle fibres
233
foramen in the hard palate
incisive
greater and lesser palatine
234
what innervates the soft palate
lesser palatine nerve
235
what supplies the hard palate
greater palatine and nasopalatine
236
skeletal muscles of the soft palate are all supplied by
vagus except tensor veli palatini which is supplied by V3
237
anterior 2/3 of tongue is
facial via chorda tympani
238
posterior 1/3 of tongue is supplied by
glossopharyngeal
239
papillae at the tip of tongue
filiform
240
saliva is produced by what glands
seromucous
241
what antibody is in salvia
IgA
242
parotid gland secretes into mouth by
upper 2nd molar
243
submandibular secretes via
lingual caruncle
244
parotid innervation is via
glossopharyngeal
245
submandibular and sublingual glands are innervated by
facial and V3
246
what acinus secretes digestive enzymes
serous
YEAR 2 Notion
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