1
Q
Which structure forms the floor and the lower parts of lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle?
A
The hypothalamus
2
Q
What is the average weight of the Hypothalamus?
A
4g
3
Q
Where is the Hypothalamus located?
A
It is lies between the optic chiasma & posterior perforated substance.
4
Q
What is the size of the Pituitary gland?
A
0.5 grams
5
Q
What is the name of the small bony cavity in which the pituitary gland is found?
A
Sella Turcia
6
Q
What is the name given to the covering of the Pituitary glands?
A
Diaphragma sellae - it is a dural fold
7
Q
Fill in the blanks. “ The pituitary gland is functionally connected to hypothalamus by ________ via a small tube called ___________.”
A
- Functionally connected to hypothalamus by Median Eminence.
- Via a small tube called Infundibulum system ( pituitary stalk)
8
Q
Where is the Pituitary fossa located?
A
It is situated in sphenoid bone in middle cranial fossa at base of brain.
9
Q
How many hormones that regulates homeostasis are secreted by the Pituitary gland ?
A
9
10
Q
Fill in the blanks. “ _________ is a large collection of thin-walledveins creating a cavity bordered by the temporal bone of theskulland thesphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica. “
A
Cavernous sinus
11
Q
True or False? The adenohypophysis does not develop from neural tissue.
A
TRUE!!
12
Q
What are the Superior hypophyseal arteries going to supply?
A
- Pars tubercles
- Median emminence
- Infundibulum
13
Q
The Superior hypophyseal arteries comes from what structure?
A
Internal Carotid Artery
14
Q
What structures do the arteries from the superior hypophyseal arteries form in the median eminence at the base of the hypothalamus?
A
Primary Capillary Plexus
15
Q
Fill in the blanks. “ Small venules then drain primary capillary plexus and deliver the blood with the hormones into the ___________ that surrounds cells in _________.”
A
- Secondary Capillary plexus
- surrounds cells in Pars Distalis
16
Q
Fill in the blanks. “ Venules that connect primary capillary plexus of the hypothalamus with secondary capillary plexus in the adenohypophysis form __________.”
A
Hypophyseal portal system
17
Q
Compression of the optic chasm can lead to what condition?
A
Bitemporal hemianopsia - Type of blindness where vision is missing in the outer half of both right and left visual field.
18
Q
What are the other names given to the Pineal Gland?
A
Pineal body
Epiphysis Cerebri
Epiphysis
Conarium
19
Q
What substance is produced by the Pineal gland?
A
It produces theserotonin derivative melatonin - a hormonethat affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions.
20
Q
True or False? The Pineal gland is apart of the Hypothalamus.
A
FALSE!! It is part of theepithalamus
21
Q
Where is the Pineal gland located?
A
- Located just rostro-dorsal to thesuperior colliculusand behind and beneath thestria medullaris
*Between the laterally positionedthalamic bodies
22
Q
To what structure is the Pineal gland attached to?
A
Attached by a Pineal stalk to Diencephalon.
23
Q
Fill in the blanks. “ The superior part of the base of the pineal stalk contains ________ while the inferior part of the base contains a __________.”
A
Superior Part - Habenular commissure
Inferior Part - Posterior commissure.
24
Q
The base of the pineal stalk posses a recess that is continuous with what structure?
A
The cavity of the third ventricle.
25
A tumour of the pineal gland can lead to what condition?
Parinaud syndrome - : compression of midbrain: vertical gaze palsy, sunset sign: inability to move eyes up and down.
26
What are the structures found in the Cavernous sinus?
* Venous blood primarily from the sup ophthalmic vein (and sphenoparietal sinus + sup middle cerebral vein)
* The third part of the internal carotid artery surrounded by the carotid sympathetic plexus.
* The abducens nerve(CNVI) inferolateral to the artery
* Within the lateral wall of the sinus CNIII, IV, Va, and Vb
27
Where is the Thyroid gland located?
It is located in the lower part of the front and side of the neck opposite to the C5, C6, C7, and T1 vertebrae
28
What is the name of the fibromuscular band that connects the pyramidal lobe of the Thyroid gland to the hyoid bone?
Levator glandulae thyroideae
29
Where does the Isthmus of the Thyroid gland extend across?
The isthmus extends across the midline in front of the
2nd, 3rd, and 4th tracheal rings.
30
What is the weight of the Thyroid gland?
25 grams
31
What are the different parts of the Lateral lobe of the Thyroid Gland?
Base
Apex
Medial Surface
Anterolateral surface
Posteriorlateral surface
32
What is the True & False histological capsule formed by?
Pre-tracheal fascia
33
Fill in the blanks. " The Pre-tracheal fascia condenses to form the ____________ which are attached to the ______________. "
The Pre-tracheal fascia condenses to form the SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS OF BERRY which are attached to the CRICOID CARTILAGE.
34
Where does the Venous plexus lie?
Deep to the true capsule
35
What are the Infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
36
Where does the bifurcation of the Common carotid occur?
Between C3 & C4
37
What is the nerve root for Ansa cervicalis?
C1,2,3
38
What are the relations to the anterolateral surface of the lateral lobe of Thyroid gland ( Superficial to deep) ?
1. Sassy - Skin containing platysma in the superficial fascia
2. Drake- Deep cervical fascia enclosing sternomastoid (+ ant. Jugular veins)
3.Is - Infrahyoids – sternohyoid, sternothyroid +
omohyoid.
4. Pretty - Pretracheal fascia
" Sassy Drake is Pretty "
39
What is the most important relations to the medial surface of the lateral lobe of the Thyroid gland?
The Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
40
What are the relations to the medial surface of the lateral lobes?
* Two tubes: trachea + oesophagus.
* Two cartilages: thyroid + cricoid.
* Two muscles: inf constrictor + cricothyroid.
* Two nerves: rec. laryngeal + ext. br. Sup.
laryngeal.
* Two vessels: inf laryngeal + cricothyroid br. of sup. Laryngeal (variable)
41
What is the most important relation to the posterolateral surface of the lateral lobe of the Thyroid gland?
The Parathyroid glands.
42
Where are Parathyroid glands located?
They are found in the false capsule or embedded in the Thyroid .
43
What is the Blood supply to the Thyroid gland?
Inferior Thyroid artery
Superior Thyroid artery
Thyroidea ima artery
Accessory thyroid arteries
44
What is the main blood supply to the parathyroid glands?
Inferior thyroid artery
45
Fill in the blanks."The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of _______."
Thyrocervical trunk
46
Fill in the blanks."The Thyroid Ima artery is a branch of _______."
Arch of the aorta
Only present in 3% of cases.
47
The Superior Thyroid artery is a branch of what artery?
External Carotid Artery
48
Damage to the internal laryngeal nerve will cause?
The inability to alter pitch
49
What Is the Venous drainage of the Thyroid Gland?
* Superior Thyroid Vein draining into Common Facial vein or Internal Jugular vein.
* Middle thyroid vein draining into Internal Jugular vein.
* Inferior Thyroid veins will drain into your Brachiocephalic vein.
50
What is the Lymphatic drainage for the Thyroid Gland?
Superiorly to the Jugular digastric nodes.
Inferiorly to the Pretracheal lymph nodes.
51
What is the nerve supply for the Thyroid Gland?
Sympathetics from superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia
Parasympathetics from the vagus
52
What are the divisions of the Hypothalamus?
Preoptic
Supra-optic
Tuberal
Mamilllary
53
Which nuclei are found in the Supra-optic region of the Hypothalamus?
Paraventricular nucleus
Anterior nucleus
Supraoptic Suprachiasmatic
" PASS"
54
Which nuclei are found in the Tuberal region of the hypothalamus?
- Dorsomedial
- Ventromedial
- Arcuate (infundibular)
- Premamillary
55
Fill in the blanks. " The _________& _______ nuclei are found in the maxillary region of the hypothalamus?
Maxillary nuclei
Posterior nucleus
56
Which nucleus contains haemmorrhagic lesions in Wernicke’s encephalopathy?
Maxillary nucleus
57
Which structure carries the largest afferent from the hypothalamus?
Fornix
58
What are the relations to the posterolateral surface of the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland?
* Parathyroid gland
* Carotid sheath containing common carotid , + internal jugular vein + vagus – outside of carotid sheath: ansa cervicalis.
* Scalenous anterior + longus colli covered by prevertebral fascia.
* Phrenic nerve descending on the scalenus anterior.
59
Where are the Suprarenal(Adrenal glands located) ?
On the upper Upper poles of the Kidney
60
What is the name of the fascia that encloses the Supra renal Glands?
Renal fascia ( Peri - nephric fascia of (Gerota)
61
What is the Embryological origin of the Adrenal Cortex?
Mesoderm - (mesodermal lining of the peritoneal cavity)
62
What is the embryological origin of the Adrenal Medulla?
Neural crest cells and is equivalent to a group of sympathetic ganglion cells.
63
What type of cells are found in the Adrenal medulla?
Granular chromaffin cells
64
What is the anatomical location of the Supra Renal gland?
The suprarenal glands are located in the epigastric region of abdomen, anterosuperior to the upper part of each kidney.
65
Fill in the blanks. " The right supra-renal gland is related SUPERIORLY to the ______."
Bare area of the liver.
66
What is the shape used to describe the right supra-renal gland?
Triangular or pyramidal
67
What is the shape used to describe the left supra-renal gland?
Cresenteric or semi-lunar
67
What is the average weight of the supra-renal gland?
5g
68
What are the two surfaces of the Adrenal glands?
Anterior and Posterior
68
What is the name of the structure that provides emergence of the suprarenal vein?
Hilum
69
Fill in the blanks. "
The Posterior surface of the RIGHT adrenal gland is divided into _________ and ______ parts by a _______."
Upper Convex and Lower concave parts by a Curved ridge
70
Fill in the blanks." The Posterior surface of the LEFTT adrenal gland is divided into _________ and ______ by a _______."
Medial and Lateral areas by a ridge
71
True or False? The Anterior surface of the RIGHT adrenal gland has superior and
inferior areas.
FALSE!! The Anterior surface of the right gland has narrow vertical
medial area and triangular lateral area.
72
Fill in the blanks. " Anterior surface of the left gland has __________ and
_________ areas."
Superior and Inferior areas
73
What is the name of the structure that separates the adrenal gland from the kidney in the renal fascia?
Septum
74
What are the External Features of the RIGHT Adrenal gland?
1. Apex
2.Base
3. Two surfaces - Anterior & Posterior
4. Two borders- ( Medial and lateral)
75
What are the External features of the LEFT Adrenal gland?
1. Two ends - Narrow Upper end & rounded lower end.
2. Two surfaces - Anterior & Posterior
3. Two borders - Medial & Lateral
76
What types of cells are found in the zona glomerulosa?
Nests or
clumps of small polyhedral cells.
77
What type of cells are found in zona fasciculata?
Parallel
straight columns of large polyhedral cells.
78
The zona reticularis made up of what type of cells?
A mesh of interlacing cords of rounded cells.
79
What are other sources of chromaffin- like tissue?
Paraganglia, para-aortic bodies, and glomus coccygeum (coccygeal body).
80
What is the blood supply of the Adrenal Glands?
1. Superior suprarenal artery: A branch of the inferior phrenic artery.
2. Middle suprarenal artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta.
3. Inferior suprarenal artery: A branch of the renal artery.
81
What is the colour appearance for the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands?
Cortex- yellowish appearance
Medulla- Reddish brown
82
What is the veterbral level of the Middle suprarenal artery ?
L1
83
What is the venous drainage of the RIGHT Adrenal gland?
Right suprarenal vein which drains into IVC
84
What is the venous drainage of the LEFT Adrenal gland?
Left suprarenal vein which drains into Left renal vein
85
What is the lymphatic drainage of the Suprarenal glands?
Lateral aortic nodes.
86
What is the nerve supply for the Adrenal glands?
They are predominantly myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibres derived from splanchnic nerves
87
What is the relations of the Anterior surface for the RIGHT adrenal gland?
*Medial: Inferior vena cava
*Lateral: Right lobe of the liver including bare area
88
What are the relations for the Anterior surface of the LEFT adrenal gland?
* Superior:Stomach
* Inferior:Splenic artery and pancreas.
89
What is the relations of the Posterior surface for the RIGHT adrenal gland?
* Inferior: Kidney
* Superior: Crus (right) of diaphragm
90
What are the relations for the Posterior surface of the LEFT adrenal gland?
* Medial: Crus (left) of diaphragm
* Lateral:Kidney
91
Fill in the blanks. " The medial border of the RIGHT adrenal gland is related to _________ & _________."
* Right coeliac ganglion
*Right inferior phrenic artery
92
Fill in the blanks. " The medial border of the LEFT adrenal gland is related to _________ , _________& _______."
* Left coeliac ganglion
*Lefti nferior phrenic artery
* Left gastric vessels
93
Where is the Hilum of the RIGHT adrenal gland located?
It is short sulcus a little inferior to the apex and near the anterior border.
94
Where is the Hilum of the LEFT adrenal gland located?
It is located near the lower part of anterior surface and faces anteroinferiorly.
95
The left renal vein receives drainage from what other vein?
The Left Gonadal vein
96
What happens when there is Compression of the Left renal vein ?
This can cause Compression of the left gondola vein ( Testicular vein ) and give rise to a Left Testicular Varicocele.
97
Compression of the Left renal vein by the Superior mesenteric artery will give rise to what condition ?
Left Renal Vein Entrapment (Nutcracker ) Syndrome.
98
What is the order of Lymph drainage for the Thyroid gland?
1st. Periglandular nodes
2nd. To the Prelaryngeal (Delphian)
3rd .Pretracheal
4th. Paratracheal nodes along the recurrent laryngeal nerve
5th. Also to deep cervical lymph nodes (Jugulo-omohyoid nodes, JON & Jugulo-digastric nodes, JDN).
99
What is the embryological origin of the Upper Parathyroid glands?
The Fourth pharyngeal pouch
100
What is the embryological origin of the Lower Parathyroid glands?
The Third pharyngeal pouch
101
At what vertebral level is the renal artery?
L2
102
What is the name of the layer immediately surrounding the Adrenal gland?
Perinephric fat
103
What are the name of the muscles that has attachments to the oblique line of the thyroid
cartilage?
*Thyrohyoid, *Sternothyroid
* Inferior pharyngeal constrictor.
