anatomy

Question 1

where do the kidneys develop from embryologically

Answer 1

intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

what is the first nephric structure to form in embryology

Answer 2

pronephric system

Question 3

what does the metanephric system develop from

Answer 3

metanephric blastema and uteric bud

Question 3

what does the metanephric blastema give rise to

Answer 3

nephron components: bowman’s capsule, PCT, loop of henle and DCT

Question 4

what does the uteric bud give rise to

Answer 4

renal pelvis, ureters, collecting ducts

Question 5

how do the kidneys move during embryonic period

Answer 5

ascend from pelvis to L1 level during weeks 6-9

Question 6

name and describe two developmental abnormalities in the kidney

Answer 6

pelvic kidney - one fails to ascend
horseshoe kidney - inferior poles fuse before ascent and become trapped beneath the inferior mesenteric artery

Question 7

where do ejaculatory ducts develop from

Answer 7

mesonephric ducts

Question 8

what are the 4 main components of the urinary tract

Answer 8

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 9

what is the role of the ureter

Answer 9

drains urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Question 10

role of the urethra

Answer 10

excretion of urine (and semen in males)

Question 11

how would you describe kidneys in terms of association with the peritoneum

Answer 11

retroperitoneal

Question 12

describe flow of urine through the kidneys

Answer 12

produced in the nephron and moves into collecting ducts
collecting ducts converge towards renal papilla
-> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

Question 13

what is the pelviureteric junction

Answer 13

where the renal pelvis transitions into the ureter

Question 14

which kidney is slightly lower than the other and why

Answer 14

right kidney due to the size of the liver

Question 15

vertebral level of the kidneys

Answer 15

L1-3 right kidney
T12-L2 left kidney

Question 16

what region of the abdomen do you find the kidneys in

Answer 16

lumbar

Question 17

describe the layers surrounding the kidney, from superficial to deep (4)

Answer 17

pararenal fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat, renal capsule

Question 18

what are the 2 main areas in the kidney

Answer 18

outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 19

what is the renal papilla

Answer 19

the apex of the renal pyramids

Question 20

what collects urine from the pyramids

Answer 20

minor calyx

Question 21

what are the structures of the renal hilum

Answer 21

renal artery, renal vein and ureter

Question 22

what component of the nephron is responsible for creating the hyperosmotic environment in the renal medulla

Answer 22

loop of henle

Question 23

what supplies the medulla with blood

Answer 23

vasa recta

Question 24

what is the vasa recta

Answer 24

collection of capillaries that maintain countercurrent exchange in the kidney

Question 25

where does lymph from the kidneys drain

Answer 25

lumbar nodes

Question 26

sympathetic nerve supply to the kidney

Answer 26

from T10-L2 via sympathetic chains and abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 27

parasympathetic nerve supply to the kidney

Answer 27

CN X

Question 28

where do the ureters arise from

Answer 28

renal pelvis

Question 29

what is the ureteropelvic junction

Answer 29

where the renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter

Question 30

what type of epithelium lines the lumen of the ureter

Answer 30

transitional epithelium

Question 31

blood supply to the ureters

Answer 31

branches of the internal iliac artery

Question 32

venous drainage of the ureters

Answer 32

internal iliac vein

Question 33

where does lymph from the ureters drain

Answer 33

lumbar and iliac nodes

Question 34

what is hydronephrosis

Answer 34

water inside the kidney

Question 35

what causes hydronephrosis

Answer 35

urine back pressure into the calyces compresses the nephrons causing renal failure

Question 36

what is the name of the muscle that forms most of the bladder wall

Answer 36

detrusor

Question 37

how does the detrusor muscle prevent the reflux of urine into the ureters

Answer 37

encircle the orifices to close them when the bladder contracts

Question 38

what is the most anterior organ in the pelvis

Answer 38

bladder

Question 39

histology of the female urethra

Answer 39

transitional epithelium which transitions into stratified squamous epithelium near its termination

Question 40

what are the 3 main sections of the male urethra

Answer 40

prostatic, membranous and penile

Question 41

where does the prostatic urethra run

Answer 41

from the bladder through the prostate gland

Question 42

histology of the prostatic urethra

Answer 42

transitional epithelium

Question 43

where does the membranous urethra run

Answer 43

prostate to the bulb of the penis

Question 44

histology of the membranous urethra

Answer 44

transitional epithelium into stratified columnar

Question 45

histology of the penile urethra

Answer 45

stratified columnar into stratified squamous near the tip

Question 46

how do the testes move during foetal development

Answer 46

from the posterior abdomen, through the inguinal canal and to the scrotum

Question 47

where do the testis sit in

Answer 47

sac called the tunica vaginalis

Question 48

what is hydrocele

Answer 48

excess fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis

Question 49

where can the epididymis be palpated

Answer 49

at the posterior aspect of the testis

Question 50

where can the vas deferens be palpated and what does it feel like

Answer 50

within the spermatic cord, in the scrotum superior to the testes feels like a thick piece of string

Question 51

what are the 3 main components found in the spermatic cord

Answer 51

vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus

Question 52

where do the right and left testicular veins drain into

Answer 52

right - IVC left - left renal vein

Question 53

what are the main types of erectile tissue

Answer 53

corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum

Question 54

blood supply to the scrotum

Answer 54

internal pudendal and branches from the external iliac

Question 55

where do most prostate cancers arise

Answer 55

in the peripheral zone

Question 56

where is sperm produced

Answer 56

seminiferous tubules

Question 57

what is the inferior aspect of the prostate in contact with

Answer 57

levator ani muscle

Question 58

what is the role of sertoli cells

Answer 58

coordination of sperm production

Question 59

what stimulates sertoli cells

Answer 59

FSH

Question 60

what is the role of leydig cells

Answer 60

produce testosterone in response to LH

Question 61

where are leydig and sertoli cells found

Answer 61

in the testes

Question 62

what are the main 5 modalities of nerves

Answer 62

somatic motor, somatic sensory, visceral motor (autonomic), visceral sensory, special sensory

Question 63

what is somatic referring to

Answer 63

structures of the body wall (soma) -> skin, muscles and joints

Question 64

what is the role of somatic sensory nerves

Answer 64

carry information from sensations from the soma back to the CNS

Question 65

what can somatic sensory nerves detect and transmit information about

Answer 65

touch, temperature, pain, proprioception and vibration

Question 66

what is decussation

Answer 66

crossing over of nerve fibres from one side of the CNS to another

Question 67

what is the consequence of decussation

Answer 67

information being transmitted from one side of the body is processed on the opposite side of the brain or spinal cord

Question 68

what is the role of somatic motor nerves

Answer 68

carries signals from the CNS and controls voluntary movements by stimulating contraction of skeletal muscle

Question 69

what do afferent and efferent mean

Answer 69

afferent = arriving at the CNS - sensory efferent = exiting the CNS - motor

Question 70

what is visceral referring to

Answer 70

internal organs, including blood vessels and glands

Question 71

what is the role of visceral afferent nerves

Answer 71

SENSORY carry information back from the organs to the CNS

Question 72

what receptors are particularly sensitive to vibration

Answer 72

pacinian corpuscles

Question 73

what are the 2 kind of mechanoreceptors responsible for detecting touch

Answer 73

merkel discs and meissners corpuscles

Question 74

where are merkels discs found

Answer 74

in the epidermis detect fine details of touch so mainly in areas like lips and fingertips

Question 75

where are meissners corpuscles found

Answer 75

dermis mostly found in fingertips, palms and soles of feet

Question 76

what is the process of detecting pain called

Answer 76

nociception

Question 77

what can visceral sensory nerves detect and transmit information about

Answer 77

stretch and pressure of internal organs, chemical changes e.g. pH and O2 levels, pain, temperature

Question 78

how is visceral pain usually described

Answer 78

dull, achy, poorly localised

Question 79

how is somatic pain usually described

Answer 79

sharp, stabbing, well-localised

Question 80

which kind of pain can commonly be referred, somatic or visceral?

Answer 80

visceral pain

Question 81

what usually causes somatic pain

Answer 81

tissue damage, injury or inflammation of structures

Question 82

what usually causes visceral pain

Answer 82

stretching, distension, ischaemia or inflammation of internal organs

Question 83

what is the role of visceral efferent nerves

Answer 83

carry information back from the CNS to control involuntary movements

Question 84

what are the 2 main divisions of visceral efferent nerves

Answer 84

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 85

how is sympathetic innervation usually described

Answer 85

fight or flight

Question 86

where does sympathetic innervation originate from

Answer 86

thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord (T1-L2)

Question 87

what is the primary neurotransmitter in sympathetic innervation

Answer 87

noradrenaline

Question 88

effect of sympathetics on HR, vaso and bronchioles

Answer 88

increased HR vasoconstriction to increase BP dilate bronchioles

Question 89

effect of parasympathetics on HR, vaso and bronchioles

Answer 89

decreased HR vasodilatation so lowers BP constricts bronchioles

Question 90

how is parasympathetic innervation usually described

Answer 90

rest and digest

Question 91

where does parasympathetic innervation originate from

Answer 91

craniosacral

Question 92

cranial nerves involved in parasympathetic innervation

Answer 92

3, 7, 9 and 10

Question 93

spinal nerves involved in parasympathetic innervation

Answer 93

S2-4 - pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 94

primary neurotransmitter in parasympathetic innervation

Answer 94

acetylcholine

Question 95

what stimulates the internal urethral sphincter to contract

Answer 95

sympathetic fibres

Question 96

what stimulates the internal urethral sphincter to relax

Answer 96

parasympathetic fibres inhibit (relax) the sphincter

Question 97

what stimulates contraction of the external urethral sphincter

Answer 97

somatic motor fibres in the pudendal nerve

Question 98

where is pain from the kidneys usually felt

Answer 98

loin

Question 99

where is pain from the bladder usually felt

Answer 99

suprapubic

Question 100

what nerves sense the stretch of the bladder when it fills up with urine

Answer 100

visceral afferent fibres S2-4