Anatomy

Question 1

Order these in size: circuit, neuron, system

Answer 1

Neuron -> circuit -> system

Question 2

What is the topography map?

Answer 2

Point-to-point correspondence between sensory periphery and neurons within CNS (not one-to-one) - homunculus

Question 3

What do other systems (besides sensory periphery and neurons within CNS) use to compare, assess, and integrate multiple stimulus?

Answer 3

Computational maps

Question 4

What is gray matter?

Answer 4

Cell bodies in the brain

Question 5

What is the cortex?

Answer 5

Thin sheet of neurons at brain’s surface

Question 6

What is the nucleus?

Answer 6

Distinguishable mass of neurons (deep in brain)

Question 7

What is the substanitia?

Answer 7

Related neurons with less distinct boundaries than nucleus

Question 8

What are locus?

Answer 8

Small, well-defined group of cells

Question 9

What is the ganglion?

Answer 9

Collection of neurons in PNS (basal ganglia is in CNS)

Question 10

What is a nerve?

Answer 10

Uncle of axons in PNS (only nerve in CNS is optic nerve)

Question 11

What is white matter?

Answer 11

Generic term for collection of axons

Question 12

What is the tract?

Answer 12

Collection of CNS axons having common origin and destination

Question 13

What is a bundle?

Answer 13

Collection of axons that run together BUT might not have a common origin/destination

Question 14

What is a capsule?

Answer 14

Axon collection that connects cerebrum with brain stem

Question 15

What is a commissure?

Answer 15

Axon collection that connects one side of the Brian to the other

Question 16

What is a lemniscus?

Answer 16

Tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon

Question 17

How is genetic analysis used to study neural system?

Answer 17

Genetic variation shape, structure, and function of nervous system - studied through genetic analysis of families affected by inherited diseases ->look for genetic variation between effected/uneffected

Question 18

What is genome wide association studies (GWAS)?

Answer 18

Large scale pop studies assessing statistical correlation between genetic variation and frequency of clinically diagnosed conditions

Question 19

What are lesions studies done on?

Answer 19

Most often naturally from stroke or accident, rarely artificially done today

Question 20

What is tract tracing?

Answer 20

Allows assessment of connections between brain regions through wires

Question 21

What is retrograde tract tracing?

Answer 21

Find source -> goes against the flow of info

Question 22

What is anterograde tract tracing?

Answer 22

Find destination - follows the flow of information

Question 23

What is electrophysiological recording and functional brain imaging?

Answer 23

Non-invasive techniques: EEQ, transcranial magnetic stimulation, CT, fMRI

Question 24

What is the egocentric view?

Answer 24

Animals’ point of reference

Question 25

What is allocentric?

Answer 25

Something outside is a point of reference

Question 26

What does contralateral?

Answer 26

Opposite sides of midline

Question 27

What is ipsilateral?

Answer 27

On same side of midline

Question 28

What are the 7 parts of the CNS?

Answer 28

Spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

Question 29

What is the cerebrum

Answer 29

Receives and sends information to to the contralateral side of the body

Question 30

What is the cerebellum?

Answer 30

“Tiny brain” - controls movement

Question 31

What is the brain stem’s role?

Answer 31

Relay between cerebrum/cerebellum and spinal cord - basic vital functions

Question 32

What are gyrus?

Answer 32

Outer folds of ridges (mountain)

Question 33

What are sulcus?

Answer 33

Inner folds of ridges (valley)

Question 34

What does the spinal cord do?

Answer 34

Transport info to/from body front/to brain

Question 35

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

Answer 35

Where sensory info carried by afférent axons enters

Question 36

What do ventral parts do?

Answer 36

Control our body movements - motor commands carried out by efferent axons

Question 37

How is grey and white matter organized in the spinal cord?

Answer 37

Interior = gray, outer = white (reverse Oreo)

Question 38

What is the brain stem’s role?

Answer 38

Relay between cerebrum/cerebellum and spinal cord - basic vital functions

Question 39

What are gyrus?

Answer 39

Outer folds of ridges (mountain)

Question 40

What are sulcus?

Answer 40

Inner folds of ridges (valley)

Question 41

What is the spinal cord’s role?

Answer 41

Info to/from body from/to brain

Question 42

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

Answer 42

Where sensory info carried by afférent axons enters

Question 43

What are ventral parts?

Answer 43

Controls our body movement - motor commands carried out by efferent axons

Question 44

How is gray and white matter organized in our spinal cord?

Answer 44

Interior = gray, exterior = white (reverse Oreo)

Question 45

How is white matter in the spinal cord organized?

Answer 45

Dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns

Question 46

What do dorsal columns carry to?

Answer 46

Ascending sensory info from somatic mechanoreceptors

Question 47

What do lateral columns do?

Answer 47

Carry efferent info from cerebral cortex to interneurons and motor neurons

Question 48

What do ventral columns do?

Answer 48

Carry descending and ascending info from motor info to brain stem + motor cortex

Question 49

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 49

What bridges the two hemisphere

Question 50

Where is the cerebellum located?

Answer 50

Midsagittal surface

Question 51

What is the role of thalamus?

Answer 51

Relay of sensory and motor signal for relevant primary cortical cortex

Question 52

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

Answer 52

Homeostatic and reproductive functions

Question 53

What are the internal capsule?

Answer 53

Major pathway linking cerebral cortex to brain and spinal cord